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PARTICIPLES
WHAT IS A PARTICIPLE?
• A participle is a verb that has
been changed to function as an
adjective.
• Sometimes it is called a VERBAL
AJECTIVE
EXAMPLES IN ENGLISH
• The student running down the hall dropped all his
books.
• We saw several girls walking to the stadium before
the game
• I want to give help to the people injured by the
tornado
• Listening to the speech, I realized I wanted to help
with the campaign.
In each sentence the word in bold is a participle.
ATTRIBUTES OF A PARTICIPLE
• Because participles are VERBAL ADJECTIVES, they
have attributes of both verbs and adjectives.
• They have:
• Gender
• Number
• Case
• Tense
• Voice
IMPORTANT POINT
Because a participle is a verbal
ADJECTIVE, it MODIFIES a noun and
therefore MUST agree in GENDER,
NUMBER AND CASE WITH THE NOUN
IT MODIFIES
FORMS OR PARTICIPLES
• There are four participles in Latin
•Present active
•Perfect passive
•Future active
•Future passive
PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
• Verbs of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
conjugation form the present active
participle the same way.
• 1. take the 2nd principal part
• 2. drop the –re
• This gives you the stem of the verb
ADD THE FOLLOWING TO THE STEM
Singular
M /F
Nom -ns
Gen -ntis
Dat -nti
Acc -ntem
Abl -nte
Plural
N
-ns
-ntis
-nti
-ns
-nte
M /F
Nom -ntes
Gen -ntium
Dat -ntibus
Acc -ntes
Abl -ntibus
N
-ntia
-ntium
-ntibus
-ntia
-ntibus
PRESENT PARTICIPLES
Here is an example.
I saw a girl crying on the road.
girl is feminine, accusative and
singular
crying has to agree with girl
So crying has to be acc. fem. sing.
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
Puellam
in via vidi.
This is the sentence without the
participle.
fleo, flere means cry, weep
What do we need to do to put it into
the present active participle form?
EXAMPLE STILL CONTINUED
• Find the stem by dropping the –re
• flere
• fle-• Add the acc, sing. fem form from the
chart for present active participles.
• Oh you weren’t paying attention and
did not get that chart. Shall I just let
you flounder????
NO I SHALL BE MERCIFUL
Singular
M /F
Nom -ns
Gen -ntis
Dat -nti
Acc -ntem
Abl -nte
Plural
N
-ns
-ntis
-nti
-ns
-nte
M /F
Nom -ntes
Gen -ntium
Dat -ntibus
Acc -ntes
Abl -ntibus
N
-ntia
-ntium
-ntibus
-ntia
-ntibus
SO THE FINAL RESULT IS…
Puellam flentem in via vidi
I saw a girl crying in the
road
A SUMMARY
• To form the PRESENT ACTIVE
PARTICIPLE
• Get the base
• Figure out what gender, number
and case you need from the noun
the participle modifies
• Add the ending
LET’S LOOK AT THAT CHART AGAIN
Singular
M /F
Nom -ns
Gen -ntis
Dat -nti
Acc -ntem
Abl -nte
Plural
N
-ns
-ntis
-nti
-ns
-nte
M /F
Nom -ntes
Gen -ntium
Dat -ntibus
Acc -ntes
Abl -ntibus
N
-ntia
-ntium
-ntibus
-ntia
-ntibus
WHAT ENDINGS ARE THESE?
M/F
N
M/F
N
*
is
i
em
e
*
is
i
*
e
es
ium
ibus
es
ibus
ia
ium
ibus
ia
ibus
HERE ARE SOME MORE EXAMPLES
I do not like that man standing near the road.
Illum ad viam stantem non amo.
That man is
acc. masc. sing. Sooooooo…
Stantem has to be acc. masc. sing tooooooo.
Stem = sta
Add - ntem
Gives you
stantem
WHAT ABOUT 3RD I-STEM AND 4TH
CONJUGATIONS?
• They follow almost the same rules
• 2nd principal part
(same)
• Drop the –ere or -ire (different)
• Add
-ie -
(different)
• Then add the same endings you use
for 1st, 2nd and 3rd conjugation (same)
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE
• Discipuli magistram audientes
multa didicerunt.
• The students listening to the
teacher learned many things.
STILL MORE TO THINK ABOUT
• In the English sentences we have been creating
–ing
•
•
•
•
the participle form by adding
to the verb
WITHOUT ANY HELPING VERB
I saw a girl crying
That is how you form a present participle in English
Technically this is the only translation that makes it
clear that you have a present active participle
But it is no the only way that you are allowed to
translate a present active participle.
HERE ARE OTHER TRANSLATIONS
• Please note that the following are not technically
participle forms in ENGLISH, but they often have to
be used to CLEARLY translate the Latin.
• In each case what you are doing is making a
subordinate clause.
• Let’s use the example
Discipuli magistram audientes multa didicerunt
discipuli magistram audientes multa didicerunt
• The students listening to the teacher learned many
things
• The students who were listening to the teacher
learned many things
• Because the students were listening to the teacher,
they learned many things
• While the students were listening to the teacher,
they learned many things
• When the students were listening to the teacher,
they learned many things
THE DETAILS
• Technically the only one of the previous examples
that is a participle in ENGLISH is the first one.
• The students listening to the teacher learned many
things
• All the other examples are subordinate clauses in
ENGLISH
• BUT they are acceptable translations because there
will be times when the –ing option just does not
sound right.
YOUR MISSION SHOULD YOU DECIDE
TO ACCEPT IT
• Go to latinathensdrivehs.wikispaces.com
• Go to Latin3 grammar
• Download Participles Explained. You can print the
entire document, but for now you only NEED the first
page. I would just print that one.
• STUDY IT AND KEEP IT IN YOUR NOTEBOOK.