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SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Chapter 15 Lesson 3 Portugal Leads the Way Henry the Navigator • Since Middle Ages, Europeans craved luxury goods from Asia • Merchants from England, France, Spain, and Portugal wanted an Asian sea route • Portuguese, with help from the government, were first to succeed - Prince Henry opened school for navigators, mapmakers, and shipbuilders - also sponsored explorations, so became known as “the Navigator” • Sponsor: person who gives money for an undertaking Portugal Leads the Way Technology and Exploration • Henry the Navigatorʼs school made advances in technology • Caravel: ship designed for long voyages; with square and triangular sails • Portuguese sailors used the Greek astrolabe to find a ships' latitude • Astrolabe—measures the angle of stars above the horizon Portugal Leads the Way Reaching India • By 1460, Portugal had trading posts along • • • • • the African west coast developed profitable trade in gold, ivory, and slaves In 1488, explorer Bartolomeu Dias rounded Africaʼs southern tip Vasco da Gama extended Diasʼ route; he sailed east to India in 1498 Portugal had trading posts in India, and the Spice Islands In time, Portugal dominated European trade with Asia Columbus Reaches America Columbus’ First Voyage • Columbus believed he could reach Asia faster by sailing West. • Some people thought this was strange and both Spain and Portugal rejected it at first. • Columbus convinced Spain’s monarchs to sponsor his plan. • August 1492 Columbus departed Spain with three caravels and ten weeks later reached land. Columbus Reaches America Columbus’ Mistake • Columbus thought land was India. • He thought he was greeted by “Indians” • No trade goods could be found. • Columbus set up a settlement and returned to Spain. Columbus Reaches America The Treaty of Tordesillas • Spain and Portugal wanted to protect their discoveries. • They signed the Treaty of Tordesillas. - they drew an imaginary line around the world. - Spain could lay claim to the lands to the west of the line and Portugal to the east of the line. Columbus Reaches America Additional Voyages • Spain’s Ferdinand and Isabella sent Columbus on three more voyages. • Columbus found many islands, but could not find a route to Asia. • The Spanish monarchs lost patience with Columbus. • In 1506, Columbus died bitter and lonely and insisted that he had reached India. Exploration After Columbus Circling the Globe • After Columbus’ voyages, many Europeans sailed to America. • Spain sponsored Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan in 1519. • Magellan was attempting to be the first person to circumnavigate the globe. • Magellan sailed around South America into the Pacific Ocean. • He landed in the Philippine Islands and was killed in a war. • His depleted crew finished the trip. Exploration After Columbus Circling the Globe • After Columbus’ voyages, many Europeans sailed to America. • Spain sponsored Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan in 1519. • Magellan was attempting to be the first person to circumnavigate the globe. • Magellan sailed around South America into the Pacific Ocean. • He landed in the Philippine Islands and was killed in a war. • His depleted crew finished the trip. Exploration After Columbus Spanish Conquerors • In 1500s, many Spanish explorers went to America seeking gold. • Hernan Cortes conquered the rich Aztec empire. • Within ten years, Spain won control of the entire region. • They enslaved many who lived in today’s Mexico and Central America. • Francisco Pizarro led the attack on the Incan empire that killed the Incan emperor. • by 1535, Spain controlled most of the Incan lands and had Incan slaves work the mines. Exploration After Columbus Further Explorations in the North • Hernando de Soto explored today’s southern United States. • England and France sponsored attempts to find the Northwest Passage to Asia. • While looking for the Northwest Passage, John Cabot claimed the coastal lands in North America. • Verrazano’s search for the Northwest Passage ended at New York Harbor. • France’s Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River inland through Canada. Exploration After Columbus Mapmaking and New Worldview • Each new voyage and discovery changed the European view of Earth. • Maps in the 1500s began showing two the continents: the Americas • The Americas were named after mapmaker Amerigo Vespucci. • He was the first to explore and map the coasts of the new continents. Exit Question: What mistaken idea about the world led Columbus to identify the new world as India? Why did the monarchs of Spain doubt that Columbus had reached India?