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SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Chapter 15 Lesson 3
Portugal Leads the Way
Henry the
Navigator
• Since Middle Ages, Europeans craved
luxury goods from Asia
• Merchants from England, France, Spain,
and Portugal wanted an Asian sea route
• Portuguese, with help from the
government, were first to succeed
- Prince Henry opened school for
navigators, mapmakers, and shipbuilders
- also sponsored explorations, so became
known as “the Navigator”
• Sponsor: person who gives money for an
undertaking
Portugal Leads the Way
Technology
and
Exploration
• Henry the Navigatorʼs school made
advances in technology
• Caravel: ship designed for long voyages;
with square and triangular sails
• Portuguese sailors used the Greek
astrolabe to find a ships' latitude
• Astrolabe—measures the angle of stars
above the horizon
Portugal Leads the Way
Reaching
India
• By 1460, Portugal had trading posts along
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the African west coast
developed profitable trade in gold, ivory,
and slaves
In 1488, explorer Bartolomeu Dias
rounded Africaʼs southern tip
Vasco da Gama extended Diasʼ route; he
sailed east to India in 1498
Portugal had trading posts in India, and
the Spice Islands
In time, Portugal dominated European
trade with Asia
Columbus Reaches America
Columbus’
First Voyage
• Columbus believed he could reach Asia
faster by sailing West.
• Some people thought this was strange
and both Spain and Portugal rejected it at
first.
• Columbus convinced Spain’s monarchs to
sponsor his plan.
• August 1492 Columbus departed Spain
with three caravels and ten weeks later
reached land.
Columbus Reaches America
Columbus’
Mistake
• Columbus thought land was India.
• He thought he was greeted by “Indians”
• No trade goods could be found.
• Columbus set up a settlement and
returned to Spain.
Columbus Reaches America
The Treaty of
Tordesillas
• Spain and Portugal wanted to protect
their discoveries.
• They signed the Treaty of Tordesillas.
- they drew an imaginary line around
the world.
- Spain could lay claim to the lands to
the west of the line and Portugal to
the east of the line.
Columbus Reaches America
Additional
Voyages
• Spain’s Ferdinand and Isabella sent
Columbus on three more voyages.
• Columbus found many islands, but could
not find a route to Asia.
• The Spanish monarchs lost patience with
Columbus.
• In 1506, Columbus died bitter and lonely
and insisted that he had reached India.
Exploration After Columbus
Circling the
Globe
• After Columbus’ voyages, many Europeans sailed
to America.
• Spain sponsored Portuguese sailor Ferdinand
Magellan in 1519.
• Magellan was attempting to be the first person
to circumnavigate the globe.
• Magellan sailed around South America into the
Pacific Ocean.
• He landed in the Philippine Islands and was
killed in a war.
• His depleted crew finished the trip.
Exploration After Columbus
Circling the
Globe
• After Columbus’ voyages, many Europeans sailed
to America.
• Spain sponsored Portuguese sailor Ferdinand
Magellan in 1519.
• Magellan was attempting to be the first person
to circumnavigate the globe.
• Magellan sailed around South America into the
Pacific Ocean.
• He landed in the Philippine Islands and was
killed in a war.
• His depleted crew finished the trip.
Exploration After Columbus
Spanish
Conquerors
• In 1500s, many Spanish explorers went to
America seeking gold.
• Hernan Cortes conquered the rich Aztec empire.
• Within ten years, Spain won control of the entire
region.
• They enslaved many who lived in today’s Mexico
and Central America.
• Francisco Pizarro led the attack on the Incan
empire that killed the Incan emperor.
• by 1535, Spain controlled most of the Incan
lands and had Incan slaves work the mines.
Exploration After Columbus
Further
Explorations
in the North
• Hernando de Soto explored today’s southern
United States.
• England and France sponsored attempts to find
the Northwest Passage to Asia.
• While looking for the Northwest Passage, John
Cabot claimed the coastal lands in North
America.
• Verrazano’s search for the Northwest Passage
ended at New York Harbor.
• France’s Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River
inland through Canada.
Exploration After Columbus
Mapmaking
and New
Worldview
• Each new voyage and discovery changed the
European view of Earth.
• Maps in the 1500s began showing two the
continents: the Americas
• The Americas were named after mapmaker
Amerigo Vespucci.
• He was the first to explore and map the coasts of
the new continents.
Exit Question:
What mistaken idea about the
world led Columbus to identify
the new world as India?
Why did the monarchs of Spain
doubt that Columbus had
reached India?