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Transcript
Earth Distances 24,901.55 miles 24,859.82 miles 7,926 miles 3,452 miles Diameter of Earth Distance from the North to South Pole Distance across the United States Circumference around the equator Water Volume 50 gallons 70 gallons 14600 gallons 4 trillion gallons 326,000,000,000,000, 000,000 (million trillion) gallons Emitted from a tree daily Amount of water in the ocean’s of the Earth An average American uses daily An average human will drink in 80 years Falls to Earth each day Speed 67,000 mph 1,000 mph 4,520 mph Revolution of Earth around the Sun Speed of Rocket Plane (fastest plane) Rotation of Earth (Day/Night) Population 6,692,030,277 1,325,639,982 731,000,000 680,000,000 304,059,724 8,682,661 New Jersey China Africa Earth Europe Unite States ANSWERS: Distance 24,901.55 miles: Equatorial Circumference 24,859.82 miles: Circumference from North to South Pole 7,926 miles: Diameter of Earth 3,452 miles: USA ANSWERS: Water Volume 50 gallons: Daily Activities 70 gallons: Daily tree emits 14600 gallons: Lifetime human consumes 4 trillion gallons: Daily Earth precipitation 326,000,000,000,000,000,000 (million trillion) gallons: Earth’s Ocean volume ANSWERS: Speed 67,000 mph: Earth’s revolution around the Sun 1,000 mph: Earth’s rotation 4,520 mph: Rocket Plane ANSWERS: Population 6,692,030,277: Earth 1,325,639,982: China 731,000,000: Europe 680,000,000: Africa 304,059,724: USA 8,682,661: NJ The Geosphere Earth is a SYSTEM Geosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Earth Interior Seismic waves used to study interior Seismic waves change is the material they travel through change Seismologist measure the change in speed and direction of seismic waves Earth’s Composition Crust Mantle Core Crust Outer layer Thinnest layer 5km to 8km thick beneath oceans 20km to 70km think beneath continents Made of light elements 1% of planet’s mass Mantle Beneath crust 64% of planet’s mass 2,900km thick Made of rocks of medium density Core Inner most layer Composed of densest elements Radius of 3,400km thick Structure of Earth Lithosphere Cool, rigid layer 15km to 300km thick Include crust and upper mantle Divided into tectonic plates Asthenosphere Plastic, solid layer of mantle 250km thick Made of rock that flows slowly Allows tectonic plates to move Structure of Earth Mesosphere Lower part of mantle 2,550km thick Outer core Outer shell of Earth’s core 2,220km thick Made of liquid nickel & iron Inner core 1,228 km thick 4,000-5,000°C Made of solid nickel and iron Why solid? Plate Tectonics Tectonic plates glide on top of asthenosphere Major plates North American South American African Pacific Eurasian Antarctic Plate Boundaries Types of movement: Collide Separate Slide past one another Can form: Mountains Ex: Himalayan Mnts 50 Million Years ago Earthquakes Volcanoes Earthquakes Fault- break in Earth’s crust where blocks of crust slide past one another When block of rocks suddenly slip under the pressure the vibrations felt throughout Earth Richter Scale measures earthquake's magnitude (energy) 2.0-9.5 can be felt Scale increases by 31.7 7.0+ results in widespread damage Where do Earthquakes Occur? Mostly at or near tectonic plates due to the enormous stress Many earthquakes in past 15 to 20 million years along San Andreas fault Earthquake Hazard Area’s earthquake hazard level determined by past and present activity Not only high risk areas in danger Charleston, SC 1886 Sandy, loose soil= EXTENSIVE damage Earthquake-resistant buildings are slightly flexible Volcanoes A mountain built from magma (melted rock) that rises from Earth’s interior Usually near plate division or collision Can be on land or under water Under water may lead to island formation Local Effects of Eruption Clouds of hot ash, dust, and gasses flow down slope up to 200km/hr (124.3 miles/hr!) Volcanic ash + water = mudflow Ash falls to ground; building collapse under weight, bury crops, damage engines, and cause breathing difficulties Global Effect of Eruption Climate changes for several years Volcanic ash and sulfur-rich gases spread across planet in atmosphere Block some sun lower temperature Erosion Removal and transport of surface materials Water Erosion Rivers- create deep gouges through mountains Oceans- water continually beat surface Wind Erosion Plants root soil, no plant=loose soil Soft rock (sand stone) is easily eroded