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RocksandMinerals TEACHERGUIDE 60MinuteEarthScienceLesson Science-to-Go!Program Grades: 3-6 RocksandMinerals:It’sNOT“Hard”Science Description Objectives Areyoulosingyour‘marbles’whenitcomes to getting sedimentary students interested in the rocks beneath their feet? Don’t ‘sulphur’ alone…we’ll help you dig up an avalanche of appreciation for the original ‘hard’sciences.Thisoverviewofgeologyand mineralogy basics will whet your students’ ‘apatite’ for Earth Sciences as they plow throughplentyofhands-onexperienceswith real specimens from our collections. Is studyingrocksfun?Of‘quartz’itis! • • • Definethedifferencebetweenarock andamineral Determinewhetherarockis sedimentary,metamorphicorigneous basedonitsphysicalproperties Practicecommongeologistmethodsof observingandcategorizingrocksand minerals Ohio’sLearningStandards Grade3:EarthandSpaceScience–Earth’sResources • Earth’snonlivingresourceshavespecificproperties Grade4EarthandSpaceScience–Earth’sSurface • ThesurfaceofEarthchangesduetoweathering. Grade6:EarthandSpaceScience–Rocks,MineralsandSoil • Mineralshavespecific,quantifiableproperties. • Igneous,metamorphicandsedimentaryrockshaveuniquecharacteristicsthatcanbe usedforidentificationand/orclassification. • Igneous,metamorphicandsedimentaryrocksformindifferentways. • Rocks,mineralsandsoilshavecommonandpracticaluses. HowtoSetUpYourRoom • • • • • Pleasehavestudentscleartheirdesksbeforetheprogrambegins. Pleaseprovideanemptydeskorsmalltableforthemuseumeducatortosetupdisplayitems. Ifbookingmultipleprograms,transitionswillbeeasierifmuseumstaffsetsupinonlyone location. ThisprogramrequirestheuseofaPowerPointslideshow;pleaseprovideascreenorblank wallforourimages,andaccesstoanelectricaloutlet. Introducethevocabularyandadditionalresourcesprovidedbelow. Vocabulary atom-thesmallestparticleofmatterthatpossessesthepropertiesofanelement. clastic-describesrocksmadefromfragmentsofolderrocks. cleavage-thetendencyofcertainmineralstobreakalongplanesofweakness,producingflat surfaces. compound-asubstancecomposedoftwoormorechemicalelements.Mostmineralsare compounds. crystal-asolidobjectwithflatsides(calledfaces)thatmeetinstraightlinesandsharppoints producedbyanorderlyarrangementofchemicalelementsorcompounds. crystalsystem-aclassificationmethodforidentifyingcrystalsbyshape,dividingthemintoseven groups:isometric,tetragonal,hexagonal,trigonal,orthorhombic,monoclinicandtriclinic. element-asubstancemadeofonlyonekindofatom. deposition-thesettlingoutorplacementofrock,particlesofrock,ororganicmatter,generally referredtoassediments,aftertransportationbywind,water,ice,orgravity. extrusive-igneousrockformedoutsideofEarth’scrust. fluoresce-toemitlightoranothertypeofradiation. gem-anypreciousorsemi-preciousstone,especiallythoseusedforjewelryorornamentation. hardness-resistanceofthesurfaceofanobjecttoscratching/abrasion.MeasuredonMohsscale ofhardness:asequenceof10commonmineralsarrangedaccordingtotheirabilitytobe scratchedbyspecificmaterials. igneousrock-rockthathascooledandhardenedfrommagma. intrusiverock-igneousrockformedinsideofEarth’scrust. lava-moltenrockthatflowsoutofavolcanoorothercrackinthecrust;alsothenameforthe rockformedthisway. magma-naturallyoccurringmoltenrockorliquidrockbelowthesurfaceoftheearth. metamorphicrock-arockthathasbeenchangedbyheat,pressureorheatandpressure together. mineral-anaturallyoccurringinorganicsolidcomposedofanorderlyarrangement(crystalline structure)ofoneormorechemicalelements,ORanecessarychemicalnutrient. PlateTectonics-atheoryexplainingthemovementofEarth’splates. pyroclastic-composedchieflyofrockfragmentsofexplosiveorigin,especiallythoseassociated withexplosivevolcaniceruptions.Volcanicash,obsidian,andpumiceareexamplesofpyroclastic materials. rock-naturalcollectionsoraggregatesofoneormoreminerals. sedimentaryrock-atypeofrockformedbyweatheringorchemicalbuildupasmineralparticles aredeposited,buriedandsquashedintolayersbywater,windoriceandcementedtogether. sediments-particleserodedorbrokenfromrocksorminerals,orproducedbyplant,animalor naturalchemicalactivity. tectonic-relatingtothemovementsofEarth’scrust. weathering-thechemicalormechanicalbreakdownofrocksintosedimentsbywater,wind,ice and/ortheactionofplantsandanimals. ExtensionActivities 1. BeautifulBorax • Borax,alsoknownassodiumtetraborate,isamineralwithsmallcrystallinestructuresthat dissolveeasilyinwater,andisoftenusedtomakelaundrydetergentworkbetter.Thereis atowncalledBoron,California,whereahugeopenpitmineisoneoftherichestborate depositsontheplanet.Here’showtouselaundryBoraxtomakeacoolcrystal-covered ornament. NOTE:Thisornamentislovely,butboraxisNOTedible.Exercisecautionwithyoung students. • Makeasnowflakeshapewithseveralpipecleaners.Tieittoastring,andthentiethe otherendofthestringinthemiddleofapencil.Placethesnowflakeinajarorpotwitha mouthsmallenoughthatthepencilcanlieacrossit,suspendingthesnowflakeinthe container.Makesurethatthesnowflakehangswithouttouchinganypartofthejar.Take thesnowflakeoutofthejar. • Filltheemptyjarwithenoughcoldwatertocompletelysubmergethesnowflake.Empty thewaterintoapotorkettle,measuringhowmanycupsyouneedasyougo.Bringthe • • watertoaboil,andforeverycupofwaterittakestofillyourjar,measure3tablespoons ofBoraxandpourthemintoyourjar.Oncethewaterisboiling,pouritintothejarandstir ituntilalltheBoraxisdissolved. Hangyoursnowflakeinthejarsothatitiscompletelycoveredinthesolution.Letitsit overnight.Gentlyremoveyournowcrystal-coveredsnowflakeinthemorningandletitdry byhangingitsomewhereyoudon’tmindabitofdrippingBoraxsolution. Optional:Tomakecoloredcrystals,add1-2dropsoffoodcoloringtotheboilingwater.To makeyourornamentglowinthedark,paintthepipecleanersnowflakewithglow-in-thedarkpaintinsteponeandletitdrycompletelybeforegoingontosteptwo.Hangyour ornamentsomewherethosecrystalscanreflectsunlight! 2.Mini-VolcanoMayhem • Youwillneed:2filmcanisters(useahammerandnailtopokeasmallholeinthelidofone canister),effervescentantacidpackets,wateranddishsoap(severalsmalldrops). • Conductthisexperimentonatablethatcangetwet.Havepapertowelsready! • Fillonefilmcanisterhalfwaywithwater,andaddafewdropsofdishsoap. • Openeffervescentantacidpacketandbreakonetabletinhalf. • Placethehalftabletintothesoapywaterand,usingthelidwithaholepokedinit,seal canistertightly. • Observe!Foamy“lava”willcomeoozingoutofyourtinyvolcano.Thisissimilartothe bubble-filledlavathatformspumicerocks,onwhatiscalledashieldvolcano. • Repeatsamestepsforatinyexplodingstratovolcano,butswitchtothefilmcanister WITHOUTaholeonthelid.Oncethelidisplacedtightlyonthecanisterthetrappedgas willcausethelidtopopoffwithaloud“BANG!”,similartotheexplosionsfromvolcanoes thatresultin“bomb”lavarocks.Makesurenostudentsarestandingoverthecanister! OnlineResourcesforTeachersandStudents Clickthelinkbelowtofindadditionalonlineresourcesforteachersandstudents.Thesewebsites arerecommendedbyourMuseumEducatorsandprovideadditionalcontentinformationand somefun,interactiveactivitiestosharewithyourclass. CMNHEducatorsregularlyreviewtheselinksforquality.Webaddressesoftenchangesoplease notifyusifanylinkshaveissues. ClevelandMuseumofNaturalHistoryhttps://cmnh.org/edlinks EducatorResourceCenter(ERC) MaterialsforLoan Ifyou’reinterestedinadditionalresources besuretocheckoutthefollowingERC materialsorbrowseERCmaterialsonlineat http://cmnh.hosting.l4u.com RelatedERCkitsforthistopicinclude: Rocks and Minerals Identification: Students perform tests in order to identify several rocks and minerals. Rock and minerals samples, streak plates, hardness testers, and identification charts are all included. TheEducatorResourceCenteroffers educatorworkshops,thematicteaching kits,animaldioramas,andmoreforloanto areateachers. ContacttheERCat216-231-2075for informationonindividualorschool membership. VisittheMuseum’sERCwebsiteformore informationonworkshops https://www.cmnh.org/ERC Cleveland Rock Layers Column: This dioramaoftherocklayersintheCleveland area is a great local connection when teachingstudentsaboutrocks. Hours o MondaythroughFriday,1to5PM o Wednesday,1to6PM o Saturday,9AMto2PM