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Ecology
What is Ecology?
Ecology is the study of the
interactions among organisms
and their surroundings.
Biosphere
• Made up of land, water, and air
or atmosphere.
• Interactions between biotic and
abiotic factors in the biosphere
make up ecology.
Make a list of Biotic factors in an
ecosystem and Abiotic factors in
an ecosystem.
Species
• A group of organisms that can
breed and produce fertile
offspring.
• Example: frogs
• Non-example: mules
Question?
• Why isn’t a mule an example of
a species?
Population
• A group of organisms that
belong to the same species and
live in the same area.
• Example: group of frogs
Community
• A group of different
populations that live together in
a defined area.
• Example: frogs, fish, and plants
(in a pond)
Ecosystem
• Collection of all organisms that
live in a particular place,
together with the non-living or
physical environment.
• Example: pond
Biome
• A group of ecosystems that
have the same climate and
similar dominant communities.
• Example: desert, tundra, rain
forest.
How does it all work
together?
What does BIO mean?
LIFE!!!
• biotic factors – any living thing
that effects an organism.
• abiotic factors – physical or
nonliving things that shape on
ecosystem. (weather, ph, soil)
Niche
• The environment an organism
lives in and how it uses that
environment.
The MAIN source of energy for
life on Earth!
Autotrophs
• Auto – self
• Troph – nutrition/energy
• Organisms that make their own food for
energy.
• Examples: plants, some bacteria
• 2 types:
– Chemoautotroph – make own food using chemicals.
– Photoautotroph – make own food using light.
• Also called PRODUCERS
Heterotrophs
• Hetero – different
• Troph – nutrition/energy
• Organisms that rely on other organisms
for food or energy (eat other
organisms)
• Also called CONSUMERS
• Examples are….
Carnivore
• Organisms that eat only meat.
• Example: fox
Herbivore
• Organisms that eat only plants.
• Example: grasshoppers
Omnivore
• Organisms that eat both plants
and animals.
• Example: bird
Detritivore
• Organisms that eat dead or
decaying matter.
• Example: vulture
Decomposer
• Organisms that break down
dead or decaying matter
externally, then take it in.
• Example: fungus
Food Chain
carnivore
omnivore
herbivore
Heterotroph/3rd level consumer
Heterotroph/2nd level consumer
Heterotroph/1st level consumer
Autotroph/producer
Trophic Levels
• Energy levels in a food chain or
food web.
• Each trophic level receive 10%
of the previous trophic level’s
energy.
• 10 percent!!!!!
Food Chain
0.1%
carnivore
1%
omnivore
Heterotroph/3rd level consumer
Heterotroph/2nd level consumer
Trophic
levels
10%
herbivore
100%
Heterotroph/1st level consumer
Autotroph/producer
Symbiotic Relationships
• Symbiosis – any relationship
between two organisms that live
closely together.
• 5 types……
Predation
• An interaction where one
organism hunts and kills
another.
– Predator – hunter
– Prey – food
• Example: lion hunting gazelle
Mutualism
• A relationship where both
organisms benefit.
• Example: bees and flowers.
Commensalism
• A relationship where one
organism benefits and the other
neither benefits nor is harmed.
• Example: a bird and a tree
Parasitism
• A relationship where one
organism benefits and the other
is harmed.
• Example: flea & dog
Competition
• A relationship where one
organism competes with another
for food, shelter, mate, etc.
Carbon Cycle
Water Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
CARRYING CAPACITY
Food Chain
Food Web
Trophic Levels
BIOMES
Determined by climate
(temperature and rainfall)
Desert
Tundra
Rainforest
Deciduous Forest
Coniferous Forest
Aquatic