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BONE AND MUSCLE PREVIOUS EXAM REVIEW S2011 Exam 1. Of the three types of cartilage in the skeleton, which one is both an articular cartilage and a respiratory cartilage? hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage 2. Which of these bones is not in the appendicular skeleton? trapezium talus hyoid radius femur 3. An example of an irregular bone would be a: humerus sternum vertebra scapula frontal bone 4. When we say that bones protect us we most commonly mean that: bones provide a framework that supports the bones encircle a vital organ like the brain bones act as levers to move the body body bone is a reservoir for minerals 5. Which is not associated with spongy osseous connective tissue? diploe bone cancellous bone trabeculae concentric lamellae 6. Canaliculi connect which of these cells to each other? osteoblast osteoclast osteogenic osteocyte cell 7. Unlike children, the marrow cavity of adults is often filled with: dense regular CT dense irregular CT adipose CT reticular CT blood CT 8. Which of these structures contains collagen? periosteum tendon compact B bone and C All of the above 9. Cells which secrete osteoid are known as: osteoblasts osteoclasts osteogenice osteocytes cells 10. Which of these components gives bone hardness? Calcium phosphate Proteoglycan Glycoprotein Collagen fibers 11. Which of these hormones affects the lengthening of bone only during puberty? a. thyroid hormone b. growth hormone c. parathyroid hormone d. testosterone 12. If osteoclasts become more active than osteoblasts in bone repair, which outcome would be likely? a. bone mass increases b. bone mass decreases c. bone mass remains the same d. hypocalcemia may occur e. hyponatremia may occur 13. Osteomalacia and rickets occur because: a. the bone does not contain enough collagen b. the bone grows too quickly c. calcium levels in bone are low d. there is not enough vitamin B in the blood 14. Which of these wraps around a fascicle of muscle cells? a. endomysium b. periosteum c. perichondrium d. perimysium 15. Many sarcomeres are strung together to form a: a. sarcoplasmic reticulum b. t tubule c. sarcolemma d. myofibril 16. The inside of a muscle cell at rest: a. has a negative charge b. has more Na+ than K+ ions c. has more Cl- than Na+ ions d. contains acetylcholine 17. Chemical gated channels are located on: a. the axon terminal b. the motor endplate c. the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. A and B e. B and C 18. A motor unit is: a. one neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates b. a bundle of nerve axons c. all the sarcomeres in a muscle cell d. all the sarcomeres in a myofibril 19. Stimulating the muscle more frequently will: a. increase the force produced by the muscle b. decrease the force produced by the muscle c. not change the force produced by the muscle 20. Which of these is not part of the relaxation process? a. calcium is put back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum b. acetlycholinesterase acts on acetylcholine c. the sarcomere increases in length d. acetylcholine binds to the muscle cell e. tropomyosin covers the active site 21. After a muscle has been stimulated, there is a slight pause before force is produced. This period is known as the: a. treppe period b. latent period c. contraction period d. relaxation period 22. The most ATP in a muscle cell is made by: a. creatine phosphate cycle b. glycolysis c. oxidative phosphorylation d. myoglobin 23. Dark muscle cells tend to contain more: a. myoglobin and mitochondria b. enzymes and glysosomes c. vesicles and acetylcholine d. cytoplasm and myofilaments 24. As the sarcomere contracts: a. the length of the myosin molecule shortens b. the distance between the Z lines shorten c. the length of the actin myosin contracts d. the distance between the thick filaments shorten 25. The role of ATP in the muscle cell does NOT include: a. pumping calcium back into the SR b. pumping sodium into the cell c. disconnecting myosin from actin d. energizing the myosin head to prepare for the power stroke e. all of the above are true True (A) or false (B) 26. T During intramembranous ossification, spongy bone forms first. 27. T Bone formation starts about week 8 of embryo development. 28. F Skull bones are formed by endochondral ossification. 29. T In endochondral ossification, cartilage CT turns into bone CT. 30. F After puberty, bone stops all growth. 31. F Osteoclasts can secrete hydrochloric acid. 32. T Hypocalemia can lead to hyperexciatable muscles and muscle spasms. T or F Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria. The products made by the mitochondria are ATP, CO2, and water. To make ATP from creatine phosphate, you also need a molecule of ADP. Glucose is made of glycogen molecules. Training by practicing running will grow new blood vessels to your legs. Light muscle cells produces ATP quickly through glycolysis, but tire easily. One theory about fatigue is that we build up too much oxygen in our muscles. Aerobic exercise is a good way to lose fat, because fat can used by mitochondria in oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP. 33. 34. 35. 36. T T T F 37. T 38. T 39. F 40. T Put these stages of Endochondral Ossification in the correct order with A as the first step and E as the last step. Enter on your scantron. B cartilage in the diaphysis calcifies and develop cavities 41. ____ D the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms 42. ____ A a bony collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model 43. ____ E the epiphyseal plate ossifies 44. ____ C 45. ____the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity is formed. After bones break, they repair themselves. Put the stages of bone fracture and repair in the correct order with A as the first step and E as the last step. Enter on your scantron. E 46. ____Bone remodeling occurs C 47. ____Fibrocartilage callous forms D 48. ____Bone callus forms B 49. ____Hematoma forms A 50. ____Blood vessels tear WRITTEN ANSWERS 51. (10) Epiphyseal plate a. During what time period does the epiphyseal plate grow? Birth to approximately 21 years of age b. Discuss what occurs to the cells and matrix in the 4 zones of the epiphyseal plate, and how it contributes to bone formation. zone of proliferation zone of hypertrophy Chondrocytes enlarge creating spaces in cartilage matrix zone of calcification Chondrocytes multiply forming “coin stacks”, cartilage matrix elongates Chondrocytes die through “apoptosis” as cartilage matrix begins to calcify zone of bone deposition Osteoclasts erode cartilage spicules and osteoblasts turn them into spongy bone 52. (10) The role of calcium. a. (2) Name one tissue (besides bone and muscle) that needs calcium to function, and how it is used. b. (2) What is hypocalcemia? Nervous tissue. Calcium triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Hypocalcemia is a decreased level of blood calcium. c. (6) Describe the steps that the body uses to detect and correct the problem of hypocalcemia? Receptors in the blood vessels detect low blood calcium. Signal sent to the parathyroid gland which releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the blood stream. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone, releasing calcium back into the blood stream. Increased levels of blood calcium trigger the parathyroid gland to stop secreting PTH. 53. (10) Between the ages of 60 and 70 many women and men get shorter. Give an explanation of HOW this occurs and WHY this occurs: a. How does the body physically shorten? The body shortens when decreased bone density, osteoporosis, in the spine causes the vertebrae to collapse. b. Give one hormonal reason and one lifestyle reason this shortening might have occurred. Estrogen and testosterone hormones are responsible for aiding in the deposition of calcium into the bones. As we age, these hormones can decrease significantly leading to osteoporosis. Weight bearing activity helps to maintain normal bone density. Immobility, as in bed ridden patients, can lead to osteoporosis at any age. c. What could be done to prevent shortening from occurring later in life? Eating a healthy diet, rich in calcium when younger can help build stronger bones, reducing the risk of osteoporosis later in life. Avoid carbonated and alcoholic beverages which can leach bones of calcium. Getting plenty of weight bearing exercise through out life will build up bone strength and provide a better buffer against bone loss. 54. (10) Nerve-muscle cell interaction. Z Lines Sarcomere a. Draw and label a neuromuscular junction. Include: the axon terminal the sarcolemma A sarcomere including: Z lines, 4 thin filaments, 1 thick filament) the vesicles containing ACh the motor endplate ACh receptors ACh Synaptic cleft Thin filament Thick filament Axon terminal Synaptic Cleft Sarcolemma Vesicles containing ACh Motor endplate ACh Ach Receptor (10) Nerve-muscle cell interaction continued negative b. At rest, the inside of a cell has a _______________________charge. ligand/chemical c. Ach opens ____________________________ gated channels. sodium d. When these channels open, _______________ flows into the cell. positive e. When a cell is depolarized, the inside of the cell has a ________________ charge. action potential f. A moving positive charge inside a cell is called an ________________________________. voltage g. A positive moving charge opens ________________________ gated calcium _____________________ channels on the SR. 56. (10) Muscle contraction. Answer both A and B. a. What is the role of calcium in muscle cell contraction? Describe how calcium contributes to the contraction and relaxation of the muscle cell using the names of the parts of the thin and thick filament, and other organelles in the cell. Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril it binds to the troponin molecule on the thin filament which moves tropomyosin revealing the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. Myosin molecules of the thick filament are then able to bind actin and begin contraction of the sarcomere. When calcium is actively pumped back into the SR, tropomyosin covers the binding sites on actin, contraction is halted, and relaxation is initiated. 56. (10) Muscle contraction. Answer both A and B b. Bob was unable to lift the weights until he “tried harder”. Using your knowledge of motor units, describe to Bob in everyday language how this might have worked. A motor unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates. A muscle can have many motor units controlling varying numbers of muscle cells. When Bob tried harder, he recruited more motor units to the muscle. With more motor units activated, he was able to use more muscle cells in the muscle which created a larger force of contraction. This process is known as spatial summation. 57. A chicken is a champion long distance runner but a very poor long distance flyer due to different types of skeletal muscle cells. Use what you know about the types of cells to fill in the table below. You might consider using the terms: many/few, yes/no. a. Use a chart for comparison of the cell types. Be careful that you know which is which before you choose this question. characteristics Location in chicken Fast glycolytic cell Slow oxidative cell Breast Legs mitochondria Few Many myoglobin Few Many Many Few Many Few Yes No No Yes Good for slow long distance No Yes Good for fast strong action Yes No Glycolytic enzymes glysosomes Anaerobic ATP production Aerobic ATP production 57. b. If you were trying to train for a long distance race….what is training doing to your body? Give one example of an anatomical change that needs to occur for you to do better in your race. Training produces a number of changes within your body that help to improve your endurance and performance. Respiratory/chest muscles become stronger which helps the lungs draw in more oxygen for ATP production. Training encourages the formation of new capillaries/blood vessels to the muscles. This allows for more oxygen and nutrients to be supplied to the muscles which increases ATP production. This process takes a few weeks to develop after training begins. Training increases the production of myoglobin in the muscles so they are able to hold more oxygen. Training increases the number of mitochondria in muscle cells so more ATP can be produced. 58. You astound your friends with your ability to kick your way across the pool underwater for a full minute without breathing. Describe two ways that your body can make ATP without using oxygen. a. Explain the creatine phosphate cycle, including the ingredients needed to make it function and the amount of ATP produced. The creatine-phosphate cycle, also known as direct phosphorylation, in an anaerobic enzymatic reaction that produces one ATP molecule per creatine-phosphate (CP) molecule. The process requires a CP molecule, an ADP molecule and the enzyme creatine kinase. Creatine kinase takes the phosphate from CP and transfers it to ADP producing one ATP molecule and creatine. This process takes about 6 seconds to begin after the start of activity and can provide ATP for up to 20 seconds. 58. You astound your friends with your ability to kick your way across the pool underwater for a full minute without breathing. Describe two ways that your body can make ATP without using oxygen. b. Explain glycolysis, including the ingredients to make it function, and the amount of ATP produced. Glycolysis is a series of anaerobic enzymatic reactions that produce 2 ATP from a single glucose molecule. The process begins at the start of activity but takes about 20 seconds to produce ATP and can provide ATP for up to one minute of activity. A glucose molecule is broken off the glycogen chain and is broken down in the cytosol by a series of glycolytic enzymes producing 2 ATP and pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid can be further broken down into lactic acid which can be used by the brain, kidneys and liver to produce ATP. Lactic acid is also thought to create muscle soreness.