Download I. The Definition

STIE IBMI
SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU EKONOMI
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT INDONESIA
MEDAN
LECTURE MATERIALS
SEMESTER I, THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2016-2017
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Compiled by
ZUMIARNI, S.S.. The English Lecturer
August16, 2016.
The source:
English For Students of Economics & Raymond M.’s Grammar In Use.
Unit 1.
INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE
English language is the primary language of several countries (including
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United
States) and a second language in a number of multilingual countries
(including India, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and some others).
English is an international language spoken internationally that aimed to
be a tool of communication among countries around the world. All the
countries can be united and uttered together into one language.
It has a system of communication consisting of sounds, words, and
grammar, or the system of communication. Listening, reading, writing
and speaking are referred to learn.
There would be some identified topics to discuss in class to get the
English standardized grammatical use.
They are united as follows:
1. Introduction to English Language
2. The Articles: a, an, and the
3. Demonstrative Adjective : This, these, that, those
4. Degree of Comparison : Positive, comparative, superlative
5. Pronouns : Subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive
pronoun, reflexive pronouns. + possessive adjective
6. Active and Passive Voice
7. Tenses: 16 tenses in a way
8. Gerund: Gerund as subject, gerund as object, gerund as verb,
gerund as adjective, gerund as noun, gerund as adverb.
9. Elliptical Construction: Positive and Negative agreement
10. Preposition of Time and Place: In, on, at
11. Conditional Sentence: If Clause
UNIT 2. THE ARTICLES: a, an, and the
I.The Definition: the articles (a, an & the) is a word used before a
noun to show whether the noun refers to something specific or not.
Table of Articles
NUMBER
INDEFINITE
DEFINITE
Singular
a/an
the
Plural
nothing
the
Non-Count
nothing
the
II. The Rules of Articles
A. Singular count nouns: • indefinite: use 'a'
• definite: use "the"
The examples:
My daughter wants to buy a dog this weekend. (Indefinite-Could be any dog)
The dog in the backyard is very cute.(Definite-The one in the backyard)
He requested a puppy for his birthday.
He wanted the puppy he played with at the pet shop.
She ordered a hamburger without onions.
Did you drink the coke I just ordered?
B. Plural count nouns: Use "the" or Nothing, never 'a'.
The examples: 1. Come and look at the children. (definite)
2. Children are always curious. (indefinite)
3. She loves flowers. (indefinite)
4. The flowers in her garden are beautiful. (definite)
5. Do you like reading grammar rules?
6. Do you like reading the grammar rules on this page?
C. Non-count nouns: Use "the" or nothing.
The examples:
1. He has experience. (if indefinite or mentioned for the first time)
2. He has the experience necessary for the job. (if definite or mentioned
before).
3. The medicine the doctor prescribed had unpleasant side effects.
4. Writing in a second language is especially challenging.
5. Have you studied the history of South Africa?
6. History reminds us that events repeat themselves.
Unit 3.
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE: This, these, that, those
I. The definition: Demonstratives are words that show which person
or thing is being referred to. The demonstratives in
English are this, that, these, and those
II.The Use of demonstratives
Demonstratives differ according to:
• distance: near or far,
• or number: singular or plural.
Here are the main distinctions:
• This modifies or refers to singular nouns that are near to the speaker.
• That modifies or refers to singular nouns that are far from the speaker.
• These modifies or refers to plural nouns that are near to the speaker.
• Those modifies or refers to plural nouns that are far from the speaker.
Unit 4.
DEGREE OF COMPARISON
Positive, comparative, superlative
I.The Definition: Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare
one person or one thing with another.
II. The Types:
The three types of comparison are: 1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
III.The discussion:
1. The positive degree: The comparison of two similar things by
using the symbol as…as.
The example: The house on the corner is big.
The house in the center of town is big.
 The house on the corner is as big as the house in
the center of town.
2. The Comparative Degree: a comparison of two different things
by using the symbol – er /
more than.
-er is used to one/two syllables of adjective, while more is used to
three or more than two syllables of
adjective.
For the examples:1. close=> closer because it has one syllable.
2. pretty=> prettier because it has two syllables.
3 The Superlative Degree: a comparison of three or more things by
using the symbol- est / the most.
-est is used to one/two syllables of adjective, while most is used
three or more syllables of adjective.
For the examples:1. close=> closest because it has one syllable.
2. pretty=> prettiest because it has two syllables.
NOTES:
*Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs*
Unit 5. PRONOUNS:
Subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive pronouns,
reflexive pronouns. + possessive adjective
I. The Definition: a word that is used in place of a noun or nouns.
II. The Discussion :
A. The types of pronouns
POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
N
O
1.
SUBJECT
2.
OBJECT
3. REFLEXIVE
4.
ADJECTIVE
5
PRONOUN
SINGU
LAR
PLU
RAL
SINGU
LAR
PLU
RAL
SINGU
LAR
PLU
RAL
SINGU
LAR
PLU
RAL
SINGU
LAR
PLU
RAL
1
I
We
I
We
I
We
I
We
I
We
2
You
You
You
You
You
You
You
You
You
You
3
She/He/
It
They
She/He/
It
They
She/He/
It
They
She/He/
It
They
She/He/
It
They
B.The Use :
1. Subject Pronouns: a subjective pronoun acts as the subject of
sentence—it performs the action of the verb.
The example:
 He spends ages looking out the window.
2.Object Pronouns: An objective pronoun acts as the object of a
sentence—it receives the action of the verb. The objective
pronouns are her, him, it, me, them, us, and you.
The example:
 Cousin Eldred gave me a trombone.
3. Reflexive pronoun: a pronoun that acts, refers back, and
emphasizes to the subject of a sentence.
The example: I learned a lot about myself at summer camp. (Myself
refers back to I.)
4. Possessive Adjective: a pronoun that is used to show ownership. It
comes before a noun in the sentence
modifies to whom the noun belongs.
The examples: 1. My book is on the table.
2. She knows about their parents well.
5. Possessive Pronouns: a pronoun does show ownership, but it does
not come before a noun or in a noun phrase.
It stands alone. It can also be used to replace a noun.
The examples:
1. The book belongs to me. It is mine.
2. I think my book is yellow and yours is black.
Unit 6. ACTIVE and PASSIVE VOICE
I.The definition: The Active & Passive Voice is verbs telling
whether the subject of the sentence performs or receives the action.
II.The Discussion:
a. Active Voice: a verb that modifies the subject is the doer of
action in a sentence.
The example: 1. The student buys a book.
2. She pays the book in cash.
b. Passive Voice: a verb that modifies the object is the doer of
action in a sentence with the verb pattern:
BE + PAST PARTICIPLE.
The examples: 1. A song was written by the student.
2. The book is paid in cash.
Unit 7. THE 16 TENSES IN A WAY
I. The Definition: Tenses is a part of sentence applied into a form of
predicate (verb/non verb) related with the time
signals that tell about the time when an action in a
sentence happens.
II. The Discussion:
No
TENSES
MEANING
TIME SIGNALS
1
SIMPLE
An action that tells about the Everyday, in the morning, at night,
PRESENT TENSE general truth , happens habitually, on Sunday(s), generally, always,
and may continue in the future
sometimes, never, often, seldom,
once a week, usually, ever , etc.
2.
P. Continuous T
An action that occurs & still going Now, right now, at present, at the
on at the time of speaking,
moment,
3.
P. Perfect Tense.
An action that was finished in the Already,
past & related to the future.
since
4.
P. Perfect C.T
A continued /ongoing action that For, since, during.
is started in & continued until now
5.
SIMPLE
TENSE.
yet,
after, before, for,
PAST An action that occurred in the past Yesterday, just now, , ago, last
week, today, this morning, in 1977.
6.
Past C.T.
An action that ‘s going on at the middle time of When, while, as,
speaking & completed in the past.
7.
Past Perfect T.
An action that occurred before another action If,
whether, when,
has happened in the past.
while, as, unless
8.
P. Perfect C.T
An action that’s started in the past and Although,
when,
continued up until another time of action while,
as, after,
occurred in the past.
before, for, since
9.
SIMPLE FUTURE An action that will happen in the future.
TENSE
Tomorrow,,
week ( day)
next
10. F.
Continuous An action that’s continued or going on in the Tomorrow,
Tense.
future
next year.
tonight,
11. F. Perfect T.
an action that will occur in future and is thought If, when, while, as,
to be completed in future.
unless, before , after.
12
F. Perfect C.T.
An action that’s continued /going on in the when, while, as,
future & is thought to be continued till Before , after, by July.
sometime in the future.
13
PAST FUTURE T An action that will be done in the past
If. unless, otherwise
14. P. F. Cont.T.
An action would be in progress in the past.
When, while, as.
15. P. F. Perfect T.
An event like the F. Perfect T. but it’s been done.
if. unless, otherwise
16. P.F. Perfect C.T.
an action which would have been happening By Friday.
until a certain time (period) in the past.
THE SAMPLES OF 16 TENSES
No
TENSES
SENTENCES.
1.
SIMPLE PRESENT T.
She goes to campus everyday.
2.
Prsnt. Continuous T.
She is riding by a motorcycle to campus right now.
3.
Prsnt. Perfect T.
She has gone to campus for almost one hour.
4.
Prsnt. Perfect Con.T
She has been studying at campus before they arrived.
5.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE She was the winner of queen competition at campus last year.
6.
Past C.T.
The student is looking for his while the lecturer is giving classes.
7.
Past Perfect T.
He would pass the test if f he had studied the lessons repeatedly.
8.
P. Perfect C.T
He had been waiting for the bus for hours.
9.
SIMPLE FUTURE T.
The examination will be tomorrow.
10. F. Cont.Tense.
They will be going to the party tonight.
11. F. Perfect T.
I will have passed the test if I studied seriously.
12
F. Perfect C.T.
They will have been preparing the materials by August.
13
PAST FUTURE T
I would bring you a bunch of flowers if you liked.
14. P. F. Cont.T.
They would be making a big party as they passed the test.
15. P. F. Perfect T.
Nobody would have liked you unless you had looked cruel.
16. P.F. Perfect C.T.
They would have been flying to England by December.
Unit. 8
GERUND: a. Gerund as subject, as object. as adverb
as a verb (verbal noun), gerund as adjective,
I. The Definition: a gerund is a modification of sentence in the form
of VERB+-ING used to beautify and to advance a
sentence itself.
II. The Discussion:
The Types of Gerund
NO
GERUND as:
USAGE
SAMPLES
1.
SUBJECT
It‘s formed as a noun that determines a
subject of sentence.
Swimming is my
hobby.
2.
OBJECT
It‘s formed as a noun that determines a
subject of sentence.
I love swimming vey
much.
3.
ADVERB
It‘s formed as a noun that determines an
adverb to modify a verb in a sentence.
She shouted as
seeing the man.
4.
VERB
It‘s formed as a noun that defines a verb of
sentence.
The book is easy
reading.
5.
ADJECTIVE
It‘s formed as a noun that defines an adverb
to modify a noun in a sentence.
Waiting is boring.
Unit 9. ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION:
Positive and Negative agreement.
Similarities And Differences So, Too, Either, Neither
I. The Definition: combination of two sentences with different
subject but have the same verb or complement.
II. The Discussion:
The Types of Elliptical Construction
NO
AGREEMENT
1. POSITIVE
SAMPLES
2. NEGATIVE
SAMPLES
1.
So
I love him and so does
she.
-
-
2.
Too
I love him and she
does, too.
-
-
3.
Either
I love him and she
does, either
Neither
I don’t love him and
neither does she.
Unit 10. PREPOSITION:
TIME and PLACE
I. The Definition: a word or group of words that is used with a noun,
pronoun, or noun phrase to show time, direction
(place) and others
II. The Discussion:
The Types of Preposition
NO
TYPES
1.
Time: at, on, in
2.
Place: at, on, in
SAMPLE
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
She comes to campus at eight o’clock.
She arrives on time.
The lectures start in time.
She studies at campus.
Her campus is located on Perniagaan
Street.
3. The campus is in Medan.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE: IF CLAUSE
I. The Definition: Conditional sentences is a sentence discussing about
something in the hypothetical / assumption condition with the
Pattern : Main Clause + If Clause
II.The Discussion:
The Types of Conditional Sentence/If Clause.
NO
TYPES
PATTERN
SAMPLES
1.
Future Conditional: MAIN CLAUSE+ IF CLAUSE:
REAL to happen in S. PRESENT T. +IF S. FUTURE
the future.
T)
I will pass the test if I study hard.
(real)
2.
Present
Conditional: REAL
/UNREAL to
happen at time of
speaking
MAIN CLAUSE+ IF CLAUSE:
S. PAST T. +IF (PAST FUTURE
T)
1. I would go around the world if I
won the millionaire TV quiz.(real)
2. I would fly to the sky if I were a
bird. (unreal)
3.
Past Conditional:
MAIN CLAUSE+ IF CLAUSE:
UNREAL/UNLOGI PAST PERFECT T. +IF (PAST
CAL to happen .
FUTURE PERFECT T.)
I would have transferred the money if
the bank had opened since yesterday.
( unlogical cause the condition of
statement has passed.
**** STOP HERE.*****