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stxb201201080035 Process of Biodiversity Research of Karst Areas in China LI Chen, XIONG Kangning, WU Guangmei (1. Institute of South China Karst, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province 550001, China; 2. The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Karst Mountain Ecology Environment of Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province 550001, China) Abstract: Because the karst environment is very sensitive to disturbance, once a strong disturbance occurs in a karst ecosystem it will undergo reverse succession, and both its recovery and restoration might be difficult. So, biodiversity is an important factor in maintaining existing karst landscapes and also provides the basis for recovery of degraded karst ecosystems. Karst restoration has become the core issue in research related to environmental changes in karst areas. With the implementation of the World Heritage List and Rocky Desertification Project in recent years, the number of related research papers has shown rapid growth and karst has become one of the important topics of new research. This paper uses the CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Springer databases as well as the Taylor & Francis UK database as data sources; the result shows: 1) the quantity of karst related journal articles is on the rise, exceeding 20 articles per year since 2008; 2) karst related journal articles focus on two major categories, ecology (51) and environmental engineering (41); 3) the literature mainly comprises jointly produced documents, and most are from the core research team of Wang Kelin, Su Weici, Xiong Kangning. Based on statistical results, we comprehensively review two theses and 89 academic papers and use combined data from the internet and correlation analysis to give a scientific overview of recent literature. The result can be seen in three ways. First, 39 papers have been published on mechanisms that maintain biodiversity > 20 papers on the characteristics of diversity > 20 papers on monitoring and evaluation of diversity > 13 papers on karst restoration and reconstruction of diversity. Second, the research concentrated on 3 aspects, namely, 16 papers on the characteristics of native biodiversity, 17 on biological mechanisms that maintain biodiversity, and 15 on non-biological mechanisms for maintaining biodiversity. Third, for comparing natural karst habitats with degraded habitat in two contrasting ecological landscapes, the paper elaborates on dynamic biodiversity research in karst areas from different perspectives and different fields and scientifically analyses the correlations of literature from these different perspectives. This paper is based on a brief summary of research related to biodiversity in karst regions, as well as research related to the perspectives of specific geological and geomorphological conditions of karst regions and clarifies the basic condition of biological diversity in karst areas. Four problem areas are identified that need to be the subject of future studies. First, research related to genetics, species and ecosystem research needs to be integrated and strengthened and further study of mechanisms related to genetic variation, species in karst area flora and changes within karst ecosystems is needed. Second, research on the mechanisms involved in habitat maintenance serves as the basis of the establishment of regional diversity surveys. On this basis, research related to maintaining diversity in light of economic development should be added with discussions on issues such as population variation and the ability of populations to evolve as well as changes in regional biodiversity on both the macro and micro levels. Third, species selection during habitat reconstruction is very subjective. If we want to balance economic development with ecological benefits, we need to study how we can coordinate the relationships among species in the reconstruction area, and maintain stable regional biodiversity. Last, designing a monitoring system is an important basis for status surveys and prediction of future conditions. Monitoring might provide scientific data to help maintain biological diversity in karst areas. 基金项目:国家十二五科技支撑计划重大课题“喀斯特高原峡谷石漠化综合治理技术与示范”(2011BAC09B01) 通讯作者:[email protected],电话:0851-6690478 李晨(1985-),男,汉,贵州六盘水人,硕士,研究方向为喀斯特地貌与洞穴,E-mail:[email protected],电话:18984422358。 收稿日期: 接受日期: Key Words: Biodiversity, Karst, Research Analysis Introduction Biodiversity in karst areas has many-sided positive and negative effects under the natural environment and human activities due to its unique eco-environment. Karst ecosystem includes two dependent subsystems-ground and cave ecosystems. Climax community of ground ecosystem is evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests and the animal distribution is special. Because its eco-environmental sensitivity is so high that once a strong artificial disturbance occurs, the eco-environmental succession will reverse and it is difficult to rehabilitate and rebuild the ecosystems. Biodiversity, an important factor in maintaining existing karst ecological landscape, is a basis for rehabilitating degraded ecosystems. With the application of World Natural Heritage and implementation of rehabilitation for karst rocky desertification, karst area has become a research hotspot. Biodiversity is a core issue in researches related to biodiversity both in conservation and rebuilding zones for it’s a key factor for the region’s ecological succession. We firstly compared ecosystem’s changes in last decade under different karst geological environments. With theoretical basis of disturbance and restoration ecologies, biodiversity’s maintaining and degrading mechanisms are revealed from relation of disturbance and degradation for the purpose of searching dominant factors for keeping ecosystems healthy and promoting rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems. We searched in CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), Springer database and Taylor & Francis Database for related literatures with research subject of karst biodiversity and analysis object of the literature contents. Using Hierarchical Clustering Analysis, relation of the literatures is analyzed and karst biodiversity researches of China are systematically reviewed. With finding of these literatures, we hope researches on maintaining and rebuilding biodiversity in karst areas would move forward. 1. Data Acquisition of Literatures and Systematical Analysis 1.1 Data Acquisition of Literatures There are three fundamental steps to acquire the literature data. The first step is taking CNKI Database, Springer Database and Taylor & Francis Database as sources to retrieve related literatures by searching under the key word “karst”, and the time range is from 2002 to 2011. The second step is searching under key words “biodiversity, genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity, landscape diversity”, and also with time range from 2002 to 2011. Based on the two steps, we acquired 1 doctoral dissertation, 11 master theses, and 167 periodical literatures of which the publicaition time is before January 10th, 2011. The final step is using NoteExpress to further analyze the literatures and acquired related literatures we need, including 1 doctoral dissertation, 11 master theses and 126 periodical literatures in Chinese and 20 periodicals literatures in English. 1.2 Statistical Analysis on Literatures 1.2.1 Analysis on Publication Years Following results can be got through analyzing annual change of number of published periodical papers (Figure 1): a) the average number of published papers per year is 15.9 during the 10 years. b) there are only 5 related papers published in 2002. However, the number has got up to 10 to 20 per year from 2003 to 2007. c) from 2008, the number has exceeded 20. The results show that there is an increasing tendency in number of karst biodiversity papers and core journals in which the papers published. Therefore, we can draw a conclusion that with implementation of projects of application for world natural heritage and rehabilitation for karst rocky desertification, scholars has realized that karst biodiversity is significant for reflecting effects of ecological construction in karst areas. 30 Number 25 the number of published periodical articles 20 15 10 Core journals were identificated 5 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 0 Year Figure 1 Annual Change of the Number of Biodiversity Literatures 1.2.2 Analysis on Publication Journals It can be found from the Distribution of Journal Types of Biodiversity Papers (Figure 2) that related papers are mainly published in periodicals of ecology, environmental engineering, geology and agriculture and university journals, of which the number of papers accounts 84% of the total. There are 66 journal types which published the 167 papers retrieved in this study, including 54 Chinese Journals and 12 foreign journals. And the top five journals are Carsologica Sinica (10 papers), Journal of Guizhou Normal University (Natural Science Edition) (5 papers), Earth and Environment (5 papers), Chinese Journal of Ecology (5 papers), and Acta Ecologica Sinica (4 papers), of which the number of papers accounts about 17% of the total. Figure 2 Distribution of Journal Types of Biodiversity Literatures 1.2.3 Analysis on Authors of literatures We can find out that the 146 literatures involve 386 authors (including the second, third and other authors), and average number of authors is 2.6. It shows that researches on karst biodiversity are mainly done by more than two researchers and most of them specialized in ecology, environmental ecology, geography, eco-hydrology, eco-agriculture, etc.. There are five authors who published 5 or more than that. They are Wang Kelin (8 papers), Su Weici (6papers), Chen Hongsong (5papers), Xiong Kangning (5 papers) and Rong Li (5 papers). Most of them are the persons in charge of many programs with foundations for karst areas. Related researches are gradually become continuous developing researches with core of academic leaders. 2. Design of Literatures’ Relevance 2.1 Principles of Study Design 2.1.1 Representativeness By analyzing the situation of literatures, we can find out that the number of researches presents an increasing tendency and two-thirds of the authors engage in ecology, geography and agriculture with master and doctor degrees. We chose 89 papers published in journals listed in the A Guide of Core Journal of China in 2008 and in the Karsologica Sinica, Journal of Guizhou Normal University (Natural Science Edition) and other significant journals in karst field. And we also chose 1 doctoral dissertation and 1 thesis for master’s degree. We reviewed these literatures with purpose of truly reflecting and concluding theories, methodologies and applications of researches of biodiversity of karst rocky desertification areas. 2.1.2 Combination of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis There are usually two steps to analyze literatures’ contents in reviews of geographical and ecological literatures in China at present. First, classification systems are concluded in the process of collecting data based on subjective understanding and theoretical derivation. Second, quantitative analysis method in the laboratory is used to analyzing the literatures. This method, describing and inferring relevance among literatures and their structure, can truly, objectively and comprehensively reflect the relevance. However, it just suits case studies with purpose of describing the facts. It has subjectivity and singleness and other shortcomings. For this reason, the analysis results lack universality, which may cause wrong cluster of individual literatures and weak relevance among them. Therefore, we firstly take Network Content Analysis Method to analyze the contents of literatures. Secondly, we take Hierarchical Clustering Analysis Method to analyze the relevance of literatures. All in all, we takes method of combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis to systematically review on biodiversity literatures of rocky desertification ecosystems. 2.2 Methodology of Review To make literatures more representative and review the research process systematically and rigorously, we take chi-square test to analyze classification and Pearson Analysis to analyze the relevance of individual literatures with the following steps. First, we abstract key words of individual literatures as main parameter Am (Am are main key words selected; n=1,2,3· · ·k(k∈m) ); Secondly, we take all key words of individual literatures as parameter Bm (Bm are all key words selected; n=1,2,3· · ·k(k∈m) ); Thirdly, we compare any parameter with main parameter and rank the results as five levels, which are completely different, different, similar, more similar, completely similar that are assigned with 1 to 5 respectively to process numerically. Fourthly, we use MATLAB7.0 following the formula (1) to calculate the coefficient Rxy according to the numeral results, taking individual literature as unit. Rxy is the coefficient of two individual literatures; Xi and Yi assigned numbers of individual literatures; m, number of individual literatures; m Rxy [ ( xi i 1 1 m m x )( y i 1 i i 1 m yi )] / [ m i 1 m (x i 1 i 1 m xi ) m i 1 2 m (y i 1 i (1) 2 1 m yi ) ] m i 1 The fifth step is acquiring subclass Ai according the analysis results of main parameters; The sixth step is testing Rxy double side ( P[ t n t a (n)=a] ). 3. Research Literature Contents and Results Analysis 3.1 Relevance Analysis of the Literature Contents It is found that scholars mainly focus on 4 aspects, that is, diversity characteristics, maintaining mechanisms, rebuilding mechanisms, monitoring and assessment, following the above steps through analyzing 2 theses and 89 literatures both in Chinese and foreign language. The relevance between research fields and individual literature can be seen in Table 1. Table 1 Analytical System of Biodiversity Literatures of Rocky Desertification Areas Research Field (Main Research Perspective Classes AM=A5) (Subclass Am) single total accumulation single total accumulation Coefficient≥Rxy Natural Characteristic 16 20 16 18% 22% 18% ≥0.882** Human Disturbing 4 20 4% 22% ≥0.733* 37 19% 41% ≥0.893** Diversity A1 Characteristics Research Literatures (Quantities) Specific Gravity(%) Correlation Characteristic Diversity Maintaining A2 Mechanism Restoration Measures A3 Impact of Biotic Factors 17 39 43% Impact of Abiotic Factors 15 52 16% 57% ≥0.822* Impact by Human Activities 7 59 8% 65% ≥0.908** Countermeasures for 7 66 8% 73% ≥0.932** Rebuilding 5 71 5% 78% ≥0.885** 77 7% 85% ≥0.889** 13 13% Analysis of Benefits Monitoring and A4 Evaluation Total — Species Diversity 6 20 Landscape Diversity 6 83 7% 92% ≥0.891** Genetic Diversity 8 91 8% 100% ≥0.903** — — 91 — 100% — — 23% — Note: ①the value in the Column of Quantities of Research Literatures means the Quantities of doctoral theses and those for masters’ degree; ②Rxy means the minimum of relevant coefficient between two individual literatures from the research perspective; when Rxy is more than or equal to 0.750, the relevance between the two literatures is strong; ③*** means the significant relevance at the 0.1 level by two-tailed test; ** means the significant relevance at the 0.05 level by two-tailed test; * means the significant relevance at the 0.1 level by two-tailed test. 3.2 Research Literature Classification Analysis 3.2.1 Biological Diversity Characteristics of Karst Karst is widely distributed in the world. According the distribution of latitudes, it has five zonal characteristics: the tropical Karst, the subtropical Karst, and the temperate Karst from south to north, the arid Karst in the northwest of China and the chilling plateau Karst in the Tibet Platea. It has a total area of 51 million km2, accounting for about 10% of the total area of the earth, and the more concentrated areas include lands in southern China, northern Vietnam, Kentucky USA, Slovenia Diener Rick mountain and etc [3]. The research is explored from two perspectives: native characteristics (16) and human disturbance characteristics (4). There are 20 research literatures, accounting for about 22% of the total number of the research literatures, in which there is a significant correlation. 3.2.1.1 Native Characteristics The biomes in Karst region, as those in non-Karst regions, have characteristics of horizontal zonation and vertical zonation, and the species diversity distribution is more concentrated on the tropical and the subtropical regions. Jamaica Karst forest has high species richness, with 280 kinds of vascular plants [4]. The tropical deciduous forest, growing under drought conditions in southern Mexico, takes monocots and vegetatively propagated plants as the dominant species, but it lacks annuals, grasses, and cryptogams [5]. In the seasonal deciduous Karst region of central Brazil, there are 39 kinds of woody plants with the diameter at breast height more than 5 cm, and the individual number is 734 [6]. The tropical Karst region in Xishuangbanna is an area where tropical mountain bushes develop well and there are 1269 kinds of seed plants [7,8];In the subtropical Karst area of Libo, there are four major types of forest vegetation communities: evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest, warm coniferous and broad-leaved forest, warm coniferous forest, and there are 1,532 kinds of higher plants [9],and the soil macrofauna are of 3 categories, 7 headings, and 23 classes [10];in the subtropical humid monsoon zone of dolomite Karst in Shibing, the plant flora has the characteristics of both temperate, tropical and subtropical flora, and there are 1352 kinds of higher plants; Fauna are mainly characterized by terrestrial vertebrates with a total number of 298 kinds of vertebrate [11];Therefore, Karst native forest is called “the emerald in the earth belt” for its high biodiversity. In recent years, despite new species gradually been found [12,13],actually there are far more species exist,many small, micro species have not yet been recorded or described, especially those species limited by monitoring conditions, such as Karst insects, soil animals and microorganisms;there are many burrowing organisms living a hidden life in the Karst caves,for example, David has investigated the species richness of the major Karst cave animals in the world, among the species, the largest number of species in the Sistem Postojna ~ planina carve of Slovenia has reached 84 [14]. In addition, he had also done large number of studies on cave spiders [15], bats [16] and fish [17] and other species. Although they are not easily observed, the types and the quantity are also very surprising. In general, the Karst native biodiversity are characterized by rich vegetation types, high diversity index, diverse animal and plant taxa, rich 、 endemic species, and the main suitable species in flora and etc[18 19]。 3.2.1.2 Human Disturbance Characteristics Since the ecosystem is subject to the constraints of Karst environment,the anti-jamming capability is weak,the ecological recovery is weak. It is an extremely venerable ecological environment, vulnerable to the impact of human activities, and as a result, the evolution of biodiversity has deviated from the natural state [20]. At abroad, strong human disturbance are mainly concentrated on the agricultural waste land or industrial waste land. Aide [21] and Mclaren[22] have reported the ecological recovery conducted in the waste land of Dominican Republic and Jamaica,and the result showed that different species have different restoring force, and the restoring force of young forest may have a long-term impact on the region's species diversity. In China, it is argued that the ecological degradation zone of Karst (or rocky desertification area) takes strong human disturbance as its driving force. The eventual appearance of land is similar to the process of desertification landscape [23],and the productivity degradation can bring damage to biodiversity and reverse succession to vegetation, making species diversity disappear and many species die out in the region. 3.2.2 Karst Biodiversity Maintenance Mechanism The comprehensive view on the biodiversity maintenance mechanism is the three categories of ecological factors proposed by Jeffries [24]: the main factors, the ecology templates and the internal factors. At present, the Karst biodiversity maintenance mechanism spreads under the framework of the above three categories of restricting factors , that the research field is mainly focused on the biological factors (17), non-biological factors (15) and human factors (7) , there are totally 39 research literatures, accounting for about 43% of the total number of the research literatures, and correlation coefficients are over 0.75, indicating that the correlation between various types of research literature in the field is strong. 3.2.2.1 Biological Factors The studies on biological factors of Karst biodiversity is mainly conducted and analyzed from three angles: biomass, inter-specific relationships and productivity. And the specific research perspective is summarized as follows: (1) The biomass of plant communities is the basis of the maintenance mechanism of biodiversity in different spatial and temporal scales [25],and the earlier study used unified wood regression model to estimate the biomass on the ground [26,27]. In recent years, while the wood regression model is widely used, there is big difference between the growth morphology and the mass density of species in the native state and the growth of species in artificial vegetation recovery areas, which makes the biomass estimation on this basis produce some errors. We can establish biomass regression models [28] and biomass - volume regression models [29] on the dominant species in order to eliminate the errors. We estimated the forest biomass in Guizhou using the above method, and the results showed that the biomass in non-Karst areas was significantly higher than that in the Karst areas [29]. Therefore, the variation of ground biomass presents that when the biomass in the native area is too small, diversity and biomass is positively correlated; when the biomass exceeds the standard level, the diversity and biomass is negatively correlated. But in the ecological degradation area, the biomass generally increases along with the diversity. At the same time of the fast development of relevant studies on ground biomass,the studies on the underground biomass has offered a research base for it with the development in the rhizosphere soil microbial field. Thus, studies on roots and the soil microbial biomass become the focus of the research on this aspect. Wei Yuan[30]and Wang Xinzhou[31] had studied the different vegetation types in the ecological degradation area of Karst,The results all showed a significant rhizosphere effect. However, by comparison and analysis, they found that the changing trends between the ground and underground biomass are different [32]. During ecological degradation, the ground biomass decreases with the ecological degradation, while the underground biomass shows a rising trend;During ecological recovery, under the influence of ground vegetation, it is generally believed that the surface and underground biomass will increase with the community succession. (2) Different inter-specific relationships have different influences on the biodiversity maintenance,they reflect the inter-relationship of the species in the space. for example:in the growing process of the Maolan Karst forest gaps, the biodiversity will react differently to the changing ecological environment,forest gaps provide opportunities of "mining" competition for species in the three stages of early period, development and mature,thus making the distribution even, dominance low, diversity index high, this is the influence of forest gaps on biodiversity coexistence mechanism [33]. Zhang Zhonghua[34,35] et al, in order to explore the different biodiversity coexistence mechanism in different habitats, take Maolan native forest and the ecological recovery community as the research object,and they believe that no matter in the native areas or degraded areas of Karst, species all exhibit significant differences in habitat preferences. But in the native areas, the randomly adjacent species take the advantage, which shows that they are of climax-level in a relatively stable state;In the ecological recovery region, the niche differentiate mutually,the positive and negative links or related species are similar in quantity, indicating that their stability are strongly influenced by the habitat heterogeneity. The inter-specific relationship exists not only between plants but also between animals. But there is few relevant literatures,Zhoujiang[36] studied the relationship between bat predator behavior and specific habitats, and he believed that the key to the niche separation of the bats communities lies in whether a species moves towards a niche already occupied by other species. (3) Productivity is one of the key factors which influence biodiversity maintenance,and there must be certain rules between the two, for example, when the forest communities occur positive succession, the diversity increases and in turn promotes nitrogen cycle of the soil - vegetation, so as to accelerate the productivity improvement [37]. The links existing in the natural succession environment are conditional, they are different in different ecosystems,and they demonstrate a nonlinear variation as in other forest areas. At the same time, many research results show that the intervention of human activity on the productivity changes will cause different results on the biodiversity. In the reforestation project,the forage diversity presents an overall increasing trend for the average productivity of the mixture communities. However, in the case of mixing parts of plants of the same family, the inter-specific competition is strong and the productivity declines [38]. Generally the influence mechanism of diversity on productivity includes complementary mechanism and selection effects in the ecological diversity mechanisms. In large spatial scales, the overall productivity in the Karst region increases with the increase of diversity,and the growth trend is similar to that in the non-Karst areas, it also shows a significant change differences in different vegetation zones [39-41]. This indicates that the diversity and species composition is also a main factor that affects productivity. 3.2.2.2 Abiotic Factors Studies on the abiotic factors of Karst biodiversity are mainly conducted from three angles: habitat heterogeneity, climatic factors and soil factors, and the specific research perspective are as follows: (1) many studies have shown that habitat heterogeneity is the important factor that influences biodiversity. It is a specific environmental characteristic that reflects changes in biodiversity, and the core of studies on maintenance mechanism of the biodiversity. The Karst habitat is constituted by a variety of complex types of inlaid niches,and there is certain relation between biodiversity and geological diversity,for example:The similarity between species is low indices in different niches and the species and distribution are distributed unevenly [42]; from the view of the species density, plants’ utilization of habitats vary [43]. While in the diverse variation of soil microorganisms [44] and soil animals [45], there are also rules similar to plant diversity. The fragmentation in the landscape plaque has played a role of mutual isolation in population genetics. In the research process of the genetic diversity of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in different niches, Wei Yuan et al [46] found that though the genetic diversity of AMF in each niche is rich, its similarity index is low, which indicates that the habitat heterogeneity has a significant impact on the genetic diversity of AMF. But in the aspect of large-scale research, the relevant literature are few, only Brewer [47] conducts a study in the Belize Karst region, which reveals that the diversity increases with the increase of altitude in terrain gradient . (2) The variation of biodiversity in the Karst areas also indicates the band distribution rules in the climate zones. However, due to the diversity of the niche types, the microclimate also has a variety of features,The biodiversity of plants in a variety of microclimatic zones show different rules. Under normal circumstances, the ecological climatic conditions of soil surface and gully is good, changes in light, heat, humidity is mild,and the species and quantity of plants are higher. However, changes in radiation, temperature and humidity of the stone surface and crevice are violent, and the diversity is restricted [48]. In the native forest, the sun radiation, soil temperature, evaporation quantity inside the forest is lower compared with that in the rocky desertification areas. The microclimatic effect is good, which is of great significance to the maintenance of biodiversity [49] .The research results show that there is interaction between biodiversity and microclimate. in rocky desertification areas, the order of climate quality is sequentially: woodland> shrubbery> grass> lawn>rocky desertification bare land, and the variation is the same with the ranking of biodiversity size [50,51]. (3) In natural ecosystems, the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the active enzyme are the main factors affecting biodiversity maintenance. The soil parent material also affects biodiversity, as the biodiversity in pure limestone areas is higher than that in pure dolomite areas [52]. Under natural conditions, the biodiversity in the same biological system increases with the increasing of the physical and chemical properties of the soil; But when the nutritional elements in the succession stages of different vegetation are no longer factors that restrict the growth of species, the relationship between the active enzyme and the physical and chemical properties changes. For example, if the physical and chemical property of the soil is within the thresholds, it is positively correlated. But when the nitrogen content in the soil is higher than the threshold, the urease activity may show a negative correlation [53]. The urease activity shows a declining trend with the increasing of biodiversity, but the phosphatase activity shows the opposite variation [54]. But the human disturbance will play different impacts on them, as the fire will increase soil physical and chemical properties but reduce the biodiversity [55]. 3.2.2.3 The Impact of Human Activities on Diversity Maintenance Mechanism The ecological environment in Karst areas is vulnerable, human activity has greatly changed the biodiversity and exrted huge counteraction to the structure and function of its ecosystem. Logging has different impacts on biodiversity. Selective logging is of moderate disturbance in Karst areas, as its purpose is strong, and the biodiversity can be effectively maintained [56];However, excessive logging will lead to a sharp reduction of the tree layers. There is a rapid decline in the species and quantity of understory herbaceous plants as they can’t adapt to micro-climatic changes,as a result, the biodiversity rapidly decreases and the ecosystem is severely damaged [54]. Though the widespread project of turning slopes to terrace in Karst areas has improved land utilization and brought benefit to soil and water conservation,the project seriously affects the cycle between species, and may lead to a decline in biodiversity. Therefore, in order to maintain the biodiversity of the area, it is necessary to maintain the diversity of species and the environment in space and time during artificial ecological recovery [57-59]. In addition, many scholars have conducted a comparative study on the relationship between human activities on single ecosystem diversity, characteristics and the variation of each system, which leads to a wide range of discussions [60-62]。 3.2.3 The Reconstruction Policy of Karst Biodiversity Under the strong influence of human activities, ecosystems in the venerable natural geological environment of Karst presented a degradation trend, the categories and quantity of species decreased and biological diversity declined significantly. At present, researches based on biodiversity reconstruction are focused on the formulation of reconstruction policy (7) and benefit analysis (5), there are 13 literatures,accounting for 13% of the total number of research literatures. The correlation coefficients of the research literature are all over 0.75, the t-test results show a significant relation, indicating that there is a strong correlation between various types of research literature in the field. 3.2.3.1 Formulation of Reconstruction Policy The venerable eco-geological background and the unreasonable human activities have led to rocky desertification. According to monitoring results of the State Forestry Administration, the area of Karst is 45.10 × 104 km2, of which the rock desertification area is 12.96 × 104km2 and the potential rocky land area is 12.34 × 104km2, accounting for 39.5% of the total area of Karst land [63]. In terms of ecological deterioration, the State Council issued the comprehensive management project of rocky desertification; the rocky desertification land is divided into five levels: not obvious, potential, mild, moderate, and intense [64]. By Combining the difference in the degree of biodiversity degradation in different levels of rocky desertification,they summed up three modes: ecological migrants - forest conservation - natural vegetation recovery mode, returning farmland to vegetation - water and soil conservation - forestation mode, the sustainable development of ecological agriculture - courtyard economy - resource industry modes [65]. In different recovery modes, the reconstruction measures of biodiversity are different. Mode one mainly uses the intense rocky area, with high degree of ecosystem degradation, severe biodiversity destruction, a small number of species, and a large area of the exposed bedrock. By reducing human disturbance and conforming to positive succession rules of plants, a climax ecological community with rich biodiversity can eventually be formed in the local natural ecological environment [66]. Meanwhile in areas with appropriate conditions, artificial measures such as artificial replanting and reconstruction and artificial natural regeneration can be supplemented [67], so as to carry out the diversity reconstruction project. Mode two is distributed in the returning arable land that is mainly moderate rocky desertification. Before returning farmland, the human interference is dramatic, the loss of biological diversity is serious, so diversity reconstruction during this time needs to stop human disturbance and to breed suitable species artificially so as to enhance the update. For example, in subtropical ecosystem of Karst, the calcium-preferable, anti-poor, drought-tolerant tree species are generally the main species, namely, to take species like Ulmaceae Rhamnaceae, Anacardiaceae, Rutaceae, Berberidaceae lex as the dominant species [68]. In the actual recovery project, it needs to combine abiotic factors such as the local climate and habitat geography to determine the categories and quantity of the species, and then introduce eco-suitable species. Mode three is mainly distributed in the potential and mild rocky desertification area with good soil quality, relatively thick soil and great production potential. Due to the great pressure of population in the region, it needs to carry out grass (grain) composite operation, and breed suitable cash crops from multi-level, multi-direction, and ultimately achieve the optimization among ecology, economy, and society. Through years of practice, it gradually summed up some cycle modes such as “fruit medicine - pork, beef and horse sheep - marsh "," fruit - pig - grass – fish”, fruit medicine - food - pig "and etc, and formed a variety of mixed farming operation [69]. 3.2.3.2 Benefit Analysis When conduct biodiversity recovery in the same rocky desertification region, it needs to integrate the three modes and then put them to use, the recovery modes that occur in single forms can’t meet the harmonious development among ecology, economy, and society. With human assistance, the species diversity gradually come back to life and slowly recovers, the richness exhibits linear increase [70]. But there are differences in the diversity evolution of different recovery modes in different habitats, recovery stages and plant communities. The overall process of community succession is: the rocky desertification → grass → grass shrub → shrub → irrigation cholin → evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest → climax community [71]. Species diversities in the same area are different along with the difference of the rocky desertification intensity and differences of ecological recovery measures, the spatial difference is significant. It exhibit moderate> strong> mild> potential when judging from different rocky desertification level [72];And it is closed forest> plantation> secondary forest when judging from different ecological recovery measures [70]. The spatial evolution of species diversity of soil animal is the same with vegetation diversity [73]. Though the species diversity in rocky desertification region has been effectively improved with the depth of the comprehensive management project of rocky desertification it still exhibit overall characteristics of low biodiversity ability, weak vegetation growth ability and strong repeatability. On the whole it is believed that with the continuous advance of the comprehensive management of rocky desertification, the species richness increases continuously, the range and density of species habitat, and effective human intervention can promote the ecological recovery of the rocky desertification regions. 3.2.4 Karst Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Biodiversity monitoring and evaluation means to conduct regular or occasional monitoring activities so as to determine to what extent it is in accordance with the expected standards or not [74]. The global Karst biodiversity monitoring and evaluation in the real sense started from 1992 when countries signed the Convention on Biological Diversity, and it launched the comprehensive monitoring and evaluation in the Karst region with the nation as the administrative units, tracking and monitoring perennially. At present, the monitoring and evaluation activities in the region can basically reflect the integration in different spatial and temporal scales of the species, ecosystems and landscapes [75] [76]. The main researches are started from 3 perspectives: landscape diversity (6), species diversity (6) and genetic diversity (8), there are 20 research literatures, accounting for about 22% of the total number of research literatures. The correlation coefficients between research literatures are all over 0.75, and t-test results show a significant relation, indicating that there is a strong correlation among various types of research literature in the field. 3.2.4.1 Landscape Diversity Survey Biodiversity, at the landscape level, is mainly the feedback of comprehensive information that reflects the relationship and interaction between different habitat environments and bio-geographic flora. The special geological landforms redistribute the environmental elements such as water, soil and light, which will lead to a prominent dual nature of horizontal and vertical distribution, and ultimately form complex and diverse ecosystems. At present, it is mainly applied to the studies on changes of landscape types in the ecological diversity degradation areas, such as the analysis of the impact of the terrain factor on the evolution trend of potential ecological degradation, and the result shows that the greater the slope is, the greater the magnitude of degradation will be, but slope and slope positiona have smaller impact [77]. By monitoring the landscape diversity index in three levels of landscape, types and plaques and in different Karst areas [58,78-80], the feedback shows that landscape diversity index for vegetation, soil and land use are not identical. The vegetation landscape diversity showed a more complex mosaic structure, but its mosaic patterns are consistent in the high-coverage, mid and low-coverage and the mid-coverage vegetation areas; The incidence rate features are different in different landscape patterns and soil types. It is mainly brown limestone soil and rocky soil in rocky desertification areas, the aggregation degree of the rocky soil is the lowest, the area of acidic skeletal soil plaque is the largest while its fragmentation degree is the lowest, the distribution of black limestone soil is the most dispersed and the yellow soil traits index is the lowest;under different land-use patterns, the proportion of the area, fragmentation and fractal dimension of each landscape type change significantly along the intensity gradient of human activity, the magnitude of gradient changes exhibit: shrub land> upland> unused> coverage grassland. It is necessary to note that landscape diversity is not only closely related to topography and human activities but also closely related to species diversity. The two are not of simple positive relation but often normal distribution relation, and it is harmful to the species diversity whether the landscape diversity is too high or too low [81]. 3.2.4.2 Species Diversity Survey There are rich species in the Karst district (see 4.2.1), and the changes in species richness is an important part of the species diversity monitoring and evaluation. The degree of richness will vary greatly with differences of sampling areas, Shen xin[82] used the species - area curve method in central Yunnan Karst mountain region, he confirmed the above theory, and put forward that when the increase of the total number of species is between 0.15-0.2 m2 it will gradually slow down. After establishing the richness relation function between species, it needs to further study the key species and their spatial distribution patterns, and the dominance index method is usually used to try to find them. In the area of native forest, as the functional groups of shrubs and vines have a prominent dominance, it is easy to determine their key species; while the tree layers have no significant dominance, their key species are not easy to determine. Zhang Zhonghua [83] did experiment in the Karst forest and found that the key species of shrubs were (Euonymus myrianthus hemsl.) and (Tarenna mollissima (Hook. et Arn.) Robins); and the key species of Fujimoto are Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. and Dalbergia hancei Benth., but arbor has no key species. The spatial distribution pattern shows that the species are related to the terrain habitats, each kind of species will choose the habitat they like and distribute aggregately. Species of random distribution are relatively few, but they usually prefer particular habitats, such as (Celtis biondii Pamp.), (Cyclobalanopsis gracilis (Rehder et E. H. Wilson) W. C. Cheng et T. Hong) and (Carpinus pubescens Burk.)[84]. In the ecological recovery district of the rocky desertification, the key species are mainly the pioneer species first invade before recovery and with the collaborative purification process of community succession and habitats environment, key species will also evolve, and exhibit a succession process: pioneer species group→ transitional species group → the top-level species group. Spatial distribution pattern varies with different vegetation recovery methods human take in different levels of rocky desertification [85-87]. Under normal circumstances, the intense district mainly takes natural repair pattern, moderate district takes the pattern of combining the human-assisted ecological recovery and economic forest, and the mild district takes the pattern of combining grass arrangement and special economic fruit. 3.2.4.3 Genetic Diversity Survey The study of genetic diversity is an important prerequisite for genetic resources conservation, and also a key factor for reconstructing the Karst ecosystem. The endangered species in the Karst region are mostly endemic species. Due to the reduction of species, and the isolation of species by niche, more and more endangered species are in urgent need of protection. While analyzing the diversity of the (Handeliodendron bodinieri.) in Maolan natural distribution community, it found that human disturbance haven’t seriously weaken the genetic variation of Handeliodendron, by experiment, 10 pairs of microsatellite loci which exhibit polymorphism amplification are found, 3-5 alleles are obtained by amplifying each pair of primers on Handeliodendron [90]. But this kind of research is relatively few. In recent years, the research is mainly focused on the genetic diversity of crops, pasture and microbial species. In crops it takes Zea mays L as the main research object, Peng Zhonghua, by tracing and analyzing different growing period of the maize germplasm, found that there was a significant difference in leaf structure and physiological characteristics between this species and other species of maize, he then used RAPD and SSR as markers and found that 23 primers of good polymorphism had amplified 152 polymorphic bands, and six groups were divided after UPGMA [91-93]. Trifolium repens is the most stable grass populations in the Karst region[94], Trifolium repens of 20 years has 14 alleles, and Trifolium repens of 100 years has only eight alleles, this means that populations of longer life take the few large clones as the dominant[93]. A vast majority of microorganisms can form mutualistic symbionts with plant roots, from the variation of the genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal in the different niches of Maolan, it finds that the genetic diversity is rich in each niche; the average is 3.67, much higher than that in other regions [43]. In different abandoned modes, the genetic diversity of soil microbial is performed as economic forest and grassland in short period, the genetic taxonomic diversity of soil fungi is significantly higher than that in the abandoned arable land and traditional farming land (P <0 • 05); the metabolic functional diversity of soil bacteria in the tillage pasture is significantly lower than that in other modes (P<0·05) [94]. 4. Conclusion and Discussion By analyzing recent years research literature on Karts biodiversity, particularly the representative ones including two Master thesis and Doctoral dissertation as well as 89 journal articles and based on the literature review method, the characteristics of research perspective choosing are found as follows: on the quantity aspect, diversity maintaining mechanisms (39 articles)> the diversity characteristic (20 articles), biodiversity monitoring and evaluation (20 articles)> diversity reconstruction (13 articles), the diversity of native features (16 articles), the biological maintenance mechanism (17 articles) and abiotic maintenance mechanism (15 articles). Compared to researches on the native area, those on the rocky desertification area diversity lag behind. But with the expanding of the rocky desertification project, research on the bio-diversity as core indicators reflecting regional ecological environment improvement, is increasing year by year. In a word, so far research on the Karst biodiversity has gained certain achievements in the basic characteristics, maintenance mechanism, reconstruction mechanism as well as monitoring and evaluation and attention on these aspects is also rising. But as a complex, ecological and with property diversity geological problem, there are still many problems to be resolved by scholars. Therefore, based on the research review of this paper and the author’s long-term practical work, this paper put forward the following four key aspects which are urgently needed to be addressed in future work and in hope of arousing the scholars’ resonance: (1) Populations (and their genes) are a combination of three scale interaction of genetic, species and ecosystem. But investigation of the flora and fauna of Karst area is still underway and especially studies in microbial population are not yet perfect, which thus can not be as a complete representation of biodiversity variation. Recently in Karst area, species can be well identified and diversity evaluation can be done between species or within a species. But the study of genetic variation is not just associated with the phenotype, and thus diversity study in the DNA level and establishment of genetic variation classification system are needed to be as the basis of maintaining the bio-diversity. (2) Currently biodiversity maintaining of Karst Area is mainly on the basis of habitats or ecosystem and starts from the survey of threatened species to gradually explore the mechanism of biological diversity maintenance in the economic development process. For example: ①how to maintain the viability, adaptive capacity, mutation capabilities and continuing evolution capabilities of the populations; ②on the basis of habitats or ecosystem, how to build a network to maintain regional diversity, especially on the condition of insufficient understanding of the species constitute of a particular area; ③how to coordinate the maintaining role of ecosystem diversity at the Macro and that of species diversity and genetic diversity at the Micro. (3) Biodiversity reconstruction mechanism of rocky desertification area is to start from the requirements of social development and ecological environment, to emphasize the economic value of the recovery area and seek flora and fauna suiting regional environment, and with the help of human to assist nature recovery. With the continuous deepening of the treatment project, scholars need to answer the following questions: ①how to solve the adverse impact of the different genotypes brought by the introduced species even though artificially introduction of species can achieve a very high success rate; ②how to coordinate between artificial restoration and natural recovery in order to ensure the maintenance of regional biodiversity;③both how to investigate the native biodiversity of rocky desertification area and the application of native species are to be explored in rebuilding process. (4) Though monitoring and evaluation work on the landscape, species, and genetic are conducted, the collected information is not comprehensive, which can not completely reflect the status of biodiversity and the alternatives evaluation index can not be put forward toward the status quo. 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