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Date 01 02 2011 [email protected] 2GRAVITY A NEW CONCEPT These articles describe a concept for gravitation that holds for all atomic elementary structures, all conventional bodies of matter, dark matter, and dark energy. It suggests a structural formation of particles within all atomic structures that gives rise to the evolution of the elements in a structured order and the generation of gravity waves from within every Proton in every Atom. The disruption of these waves produces what appears to be a monopole force of gravitational attraction, from all bodies of elementary matter. A clear definition is suggested for the three different type of mass and how each is generated, even though their summated values may be identical. It describes how Neutron star gravity differs from conventional gravity yet still appears to register on conventional gravity meters. Gravitation from dark matter is explained with a description of how the generation of gravity ceases when the criticality of attraction is reached and a Big Bang Event ensues. Dark energy is explained with a suggestion of how it always will be in existence as background gravitation and how it evolves. The speed of the Planets in their solar trajectories is linked in proportionality to their linear distance from the Sun with due note made to the extreme radial speed of gravitation through the trajectory of Mercury and its orbital precession. The cyclical universe is proposed, suggesting the controller of matter throughout the universe is gravitation even though its control is chaotic, but absolute. Relativity was introduced to resolve many of the problems associated with gravitation but it poses more questions than it resolves. The logic of mathematics is truly a wonderful and absolute proof justifying man’s observations, but if that proof is based on a false assumption then the logic becomes meaningless. Gravity generates Mass, Gravity attracts negative charge and charge particles, therefore Mass is affected by motion through gravitation, as are all electromagnetic waves. Relativity gives us an approximation to an understanding but understanding gravitation and mass is needed to finally bring the truth of how gravity is generated and how mass is affected. 1 INTRODUCTION TO RELATIVITY General relativity is the theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein. It is the current description of gravitation providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time, or space-time. Many predictions of general relativity differ significantly from those of classical physics, especially concerning the passage of time, the geometry of space, the motion of bodies in free fall, and the propagation of light. Examples of such differences include gravitational time dilation, lensing, redshift, and time delay. Man needs to finally understand fully the nature of Gravitation, its affects upon Mass, and the effects of gravitation and mass upon all electromagnetic waves. It is hoped within these articles to explain an alternative view which reconciles Newtonian Physics with the misunderstandings introduced by relativity in its many forms. MAN CANNOT CLEARLY DEFINE THE FOLLOWING. Gravitational force. Magnetic force. Active, Passive, and Inertial Mass. Atomic Structures. Dark Matter Dark Energy Time Dilation. ( apparent ) It is intended to resolve many of the above issues using the new concept for gravitation. 2 THE CLASSICAL TESTS FOR RELATIVITY SPECIAL RELATIVITY 1. The laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion relative to one another 2. The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion or of the motion of the source of the light. 3. Relativity of simultaneity two events, simultaneous for one observer, may not be simultaneous for another observer if the observers are in relative motion. 4. Time dilation moving clocks are measured to tick more slowly than an observer's "stationary" clock. 5. Length contraction: Objects are measured to be shortened in the direction that they are moving with respect to the observer. 6. Mass – Energy equivalence: E = mc2, energy and mass are equivalent and transmutable. 7. Maximum Speed is finite no physical object or message or field line can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. GENERAL RELATIVITY The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle which states that free fall is inertial motion. This resulted in Einstein’s proposal that space-time is curved. He devised the Einstein field equations which relate the curvature of space-time with the mass, energy, and momentum within it. Some of the consequences of general relativity are: 1. Clocks run more slowly in regions of lower gravitational potential, this is called Gravitational Time dilation. 2. Orbits precess in a way unexpected in Newton's theory of gravity Observed in the orbit of Mercury and binary pulsars. 3. Rays of Light bend in a gravitational field. 4. Rotating masses "drag along" the spacetime around them; a phenomenon termed frame dragging. 5. The Universe is expanding, and the far parts of it are moving away from us faster than the speed of light. 3 GRAVITY A MONOPOLE FORCE Overview of concept This concept for gravitation describes the only action that can generate what appears to be a monopole force of gravitational attraction from within all bodies of matter. Within all protons, with or without electrons in orbital trajectories, the protons two up quarks and one down quark oscillate by repulsion between the two up quarks and their attraction to the one down quark empowered by the strong force mediated by gluons. This produces two gravity waves at identical frequencies, generated from the up quarks at the extremities of their movement. These two gravity waves, at identical frequencies with opposing directional phase potentials, interfere with all other gravity waves to produce disrupted pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias emanating outwards from all bodies of matter. Each proton generates two orbital trajectories, spin up, spin down, only one of which can be occupied by an electron. This is because the negative charge displacement of one electron debars a second electron by repulsion. The resulting disrupted gravitational waves appear as a monopole source of positive pulses emanating from the centre of all bodies of matter attracting all negative charge particles in all bodies of matter, and photons in the more negative half cycle of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency. These pulses of disrupted gravity waves attract all negative charge and charge particles, electrons, down Quarks, neutrons, photons etc. They also repel all positive charge and charge particles, protons, up quarks, and gravitational pulses. These forces develop into an equilibrium of force when acting between bodies of matter in space. The disruption of gravity waves is caused by interference resulting in a reduction in the charge potential of gravitational pulses, these individual pulses of gravitation have such low positive potentials they may never be monitored individually. 4 The gravity wave cycle within the Proton At the up quarks closest position the two gravity waves generate their lowest charge potential. As the up quarks repel outwards, the two wave potentials increase. This is the positive phase of the two gravitational waves attracting the electron out of its trajectory. This follows with a rapid decline in potential as the negative potential from the stressed coherence of the two waves force the two up quarks back toward the down quark, together with the attraction from the down quark, and the restraining effect of the strong force. This is the negative phase of the two gravity waves repelling the electron out into its trajectory. Wave coherence occurs momentarily between the two gravity waves generated within the Protons, these become stressed, with greater attractive force, when the two up quarks are at their maximum distance. This reaction produces a similar effect to that envisaged from the strong force. QUARK STRUCTURE IN THE NUCLEUS The formation and structure of quarks within the nucleus of Protons and Neutrons is critical for the development of the Atomic Elements and the generation of Gravitational Force. The structure of quarks in the nucleus of all atoms is an assembly within protons and neutrons comprising up and down quarks, arranged in parallel similar to batteries connected in parallel but in this case with three terminal connections. These sub-atomic particles are arranged with the protons two positive up quarks and the one down quark, connected by attraction to the neutrons 2 down quarks and 1 up quark, etc, etc, along the length of parallel type connections. The charge potentials from the quarks within the protons and neutrons accumulate in two directions from the centre point outwards. The neutron produces waves of charge but at extremely ineffective potentials, confined within the protons positive potentials. The neutrons quark group provides attractive charge stability along the length of the proton connections which would become unstable without this attractive connection. 5 The above is based on the following suggestion for the atomic element sequences Atoms appear to be structured with two similar ends, and 7 types of electron shells. s shell carries 2 electrons p shell carries 8 electrons d shell carries 18 electrons f shell carries 32 electrons g shell carries 32 electrons h shell carries 18 electrons i shell carries 8 electrons. To achieve the appearance of an atom evolving from a centre-point outwards it is suggested that the configuration from a centre-point would be......... 4i – 9h – 16g – 16f – 9d – 4p – 2s – 4p – 9d – 16f – 16g – 9h – 4i The above structures build 1s/2s/1p/2p/3p/4p/5p/6p/7p/8p/1d/2d/3d/4d/ etc, etc, etc. sequentially and only in that specific and structured order. Each addition requires a Proton, and a Proton cannot be added until a Neutron is in place as repulsion will otherwise hold them apart. Structurally all atoms are bound together like a battery set with three terminal connections. See table of atomic sequences, and sketch of atomic structures. These structures and structure sequences clearly show why every Proton generates two gravity waves with a positive bias at the extents of the Up Quark oscillation. They also clearly show why a Neutron is required to join with a Proton before another Proton can join the atom sequence. As the sequence grows so the energy builds from the centre-point of the structure outwards, and the mass of the structures increase. At increased energy levels additional Neutrons can be attracted in parallel to existing Neutrons within the structure creating the isotopes of Atoms. 6 SUMMARY This concept describes the only means that what appears to be an apparent Monopole force of Gravitation can be generated. Atomic elementary structures are most complex, their evolutionary development from within both extremes of temperatures and of gravitational confinement result in clearly defined structures of Protons and Neutrons whose ultimate complexity has yet to be realized by Man. The order by which atoms are constructed is quite precise, beginning with the simple Protium atom with just one Proton and one Electron in one of the two trajectories. The way the quarks configure is that they collect rather like an attractive battery set attracted together through three terminal connections rather than two. e.g. Proton U – D – U to Neutron D – U – D to Proton U – D – U etc,. It is notable that the Proton always forms the atom base as it is the only atomic component with the capacity to generate positive waves that will capture and maintain an Electron in one of the two trajectories. In a matrix of atom structures the second unaccompanied trajectory could be considered the positive “ hole “ within all atomic structures, with too little energy to capture or retain an Electron in a trajectory, but sufficient energy to retain an Electron in an outer position., Once formed atom structures are free to disassociate, to de-structure from their original form through changing energy density, or external force or pressure. This results in energy emission, ionization, or breakup into other elemental structures or formation of new structures, but with the same basic substructures. GRAVITATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM The equilibrium of force between two bodies of matter is reached when the attractive disrupted pulses of positive potential force from gravitation from each body of matter for the others negative charge and charge particles balances in equilibrium with the repulsive force between the disrupted pulses of positive potential between both bodies of matter. The repulsion between the positive potentials is always greater than the attractive force for the negative potentials. 7 MASS ATOMIC STRUCTURES The structure of matter and the properties of its internal charge stresses need to be considered before defining the properties of Mass. Bodies of matter consisting of Protons attracting Electrons into trajectories produce stress relationships between the Quark charged particles within the Protons and the Neutrons, the Protons and Neutrons themselves, and the Electrons in their trajectories and the free electrons within the structure. These charge stresses are also strained through bonding with any molecular partners. Mass in any body of matter should be considered therefore to be composed of unequal charges inextricably interlocked together moving or oscillating under stress. ACTIVE GRAVITATIONAL MASS Protons in any body of matter generate two gravity waves, which after interference with other gravity waves result in pulses of gravitational potential with a positive elementary charge bias. These pulses of gravitation attract all external negative elementary potentials, electrons, down quarks, and photons in the more negative phase of electromagnetic waves. This attraction towards external negative elementary potentials stresses the relationship within the Protons and their respective electrons and sub-atomic particles in that active body of matter. This attraction by disrupted gravity waves with a positive potential bias from a body of matter would be termed active gravitational mass. Active gravitational mass is gravity having an attraction for, it is proportional to the up quarks in the protons within that body of matter. It is determined by measuring the acceleration of a body of known mass in free fall within that gravitational field of attraction. The transfer of this active attractive force would be immediate 8 PASSIVE GRAVITATIONAL MASS Electrons in any body of matter are constantly attracted to their respective Protons. All negatively charged electrons, and down quarks in any body of matter are also passively attracted to external forces of gravitation that have a positive elementary charge bias. This external attraction stresses the relationship between the electrons and the down quarks, and the charge generated within their respective Protons in that body of matter. It also stresses the charge relationships within their respective neutrons in that body of matter. This attraction is termed passive gravitational mass. Passive gravitational mass is having an attraction to gravity; it is approximately proportional to the total number of electrons and down quarks, in that body of matter. Passive gravitational mass is determined by dividing an object’s known weight by its free fall acceleration. The transfer of this passive attracted force is immediate INERTIAL MASS In this section it is suggested that inertial mass is not quite identical to either active or passive Mass. If an external force ( not gravity ) were to be applied, its effects would be transferred to the negative charged Electrons at point of application. ( like pushing a sponge ) This force would be transferred throughout the body of matter from one elementary sub-atomic particle to the next, Electrons to Protons, Neutrons, Quarks, and Electrons etc. The effect would be to increase the stress relationship between the charges generated within all of the Protons and their respective Electrons. The force of stresses when an external force is applied is termed inertial mass. Inertial mass is being repelled from. ( approaching electrons in another body of mass ) Inertial Mass is determined by applying a force to an object and measuring the acceleration that results from that force. The transfer of this force would not be immediate 9 MASS EQUIVALENCE It should be noted that there is no equivalence between Inertial and Gravitational Mass. Gravitational Mass directly and immediately affects all particles within the Atom both by repulsion against positive particles and attraction towards the negative particles, to create the property of Gravitational Mass. Inertial Mass transfers its energy through the body of matter from negative Electron particles at the periphery through the body of matter from particle to particle either negative or positive, over a finite period of time. MASS MEASUREMENT The forces on a body of known mass are generally used to determine Gravitational force, or Gravitational constant. However this presumes that the particles generating the attractive force in body of matter A are attracting the same particles in body of matter B and visa versa. It is however the following that would be more accurate. In conventional Proton generated gravitational forces Positive pulses from body of matter A attract negative particles and repulse positive pulses of gravitation in body of matter B Positive pulses from body of matter B attract negative particles and repulse positive pulses of gravitation in body of matter A In Neutron Star generated gravitational forces Negative pulses from body of matter A ( this would be the Neutron Star ), attract all positive particles, and positive pulses of gravitation from body of matter B Positive pulses from body of matter B attract all negative particles, and negative pulses of gravitation from body of matter A The above is one of the reasons for the intense gravitational force emanating from Neutron Stars apart from the extremely high density of Neutron Stars. 10 ATOM STRUCTURES Much of our current understanding of atom structures developed historically from alchemistry developing into chemistry and through into nuclear fission, and fusion whilst trying to understand the inner workings of the atom. From Mendeleyev and our periodic table of elements, came an understanding of atomic and molecular structures, followed by the basic understanding of components and sub-atomic particles within the atoms. Graphic models of atoms began to be developed showing the possible electron paths, and concepts for the inner structure of the atoms themselves. Atoms appear to be structured with two similar ends, and 7 types of electron shells. s shell carries 2 electrons p shell carries 8 electrons d shell carries 18 electrons f shell carries 32 electrons g shell carries 32 electrons h shell carries 18 electrons i shell carries 8 electrons. To achieve the appearance of an atom evolving from a centre-point outwards it is suggested that the configuration ( as above ) from the centre-point outwards would be.... 4i – 9h – 16g – 16f – 9d – 4p – 2s – 4p – 9d – 16f – 16g – 9h – 4i Consider that the structure builds 1s/2s/1p/2p/3p/4p/5p/6p/7p/8p/1d/2d/3d/4d/ etc, etc, In that specific and structured order. Each addition requires a Proton, and a Proton cannot be added until a Neutron is in place as repulsion will otherwise hold them apart. Atoms are bound together like a battery set with three connections, in this case with Proton Quarks ( Up – Down – Up ) bound to Neutron Quarks ( Down – Up – Down ) 11 The Proton has 2 Positive Up Quarks oscillating about 1 Negative Down Quark this attracts A Neutron with 2 Negative Down Quarks oscillating about 1 Positive Up Quark this attracts A Proton with 2 Positive Up Quarks oscillating about 1 Negative Down Quark this attracts A Neutron with 2 Negative Down Quarks oscillating about 1 Positive Up Quark this attracts A Proton with 2 Positive Up Quarks oscillating about 1 Negative Down Quark this attracts…Etc, Etc,. Thus Atom structures build as follows 2 Up Quarks attract 1 Down Quark to evolve a Proton. A Neutron can be attracted to this Proton by attraction A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction. A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction. A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction. A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction. A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction. A Proton can be attracted to a Neutron by attraction. Atom becomes 1s Atom becomes 2s Atom becomes 2s / 1p Atom becomes 2s / 2p Atom becomes 2s / 3p A more detailed description is shown on Evolution of Atomic Structures.xls The above is a very crude description of how atomic structures build their energy from a centre-point outwards. It certainly is not quite that simple, for imbalance can occur with more Neutrons added between some of the elements (isotopes) after the initial atom structure has developed, however the Proton structures still can only follow in the sequence as described in Atomic Stuctures.xls. Atom structures are built in the structured order as described, with Protons adjacent to at least 1 Neutron, at raised energy levels more than 1 Neutron can be maintained between the Protons creating the isotopes of atoms, this can only take place after the initial atom structure has developed, A better visual understanding is shown in the sketches.. 12 DARK MATTER All atomic elementary materials, and negative charge and charged particles, are ultimately attracted into and become entrapped by the intense force from within Dark Matter. For Dark Matter to attract all negative charge and charge particles it must generate Gravitational force from Protons. Protons need an Electron to be attracted by Gravity, or they need to be adjacent to negative potentials. Atoms need Electrons and Neutrons to exist. The intense gravitational force from Dark Matter de-structures bodies of matter. The first particles to be attracted out from atom structures would be the last to be added i.e. Neutrons at the highest atomic level. This would be followed progressively by the Neutrons in the lower levels. The remnants of these structures would be the original Protons still retaining their Electrons, still generating gravity waves these would be disrupted by interference to produce pulses of gravitation with a positive potential bias. The negative charges and charge particles attracted and absorbed by Dark Matter would exist within its core possibly as negative charge plasma, this would consist of all photons, and possibly de-structured Electrons, and Down Quarks. It is this negative charged core that “ directly “ attracts the remnant Protons around the core of Dark Matter generating gravity as waves becoming disrupted by interference. The intensity of gravitation from Dark Matter is generated by the extremely high density of absorbed material and destructured atoms both as bodies of matter and as negative charge and charged particles, Dark Matter could be termed the Graveyards of the Universe. Elementary matter attracted into Dark Matter becomes de-structured as negative particles are attracted out of their bonds., leaving the positive charged Protons in the peripheral layers of dark matter still generating an ever increasing density of gravitation. Ultimately a point of criticality is reached and the down quark is attracted out of its bond within the nucleus of the Proton and in that region of Dark matter gravitation ceases creating the beginning of another Big Bang event with the cataclysmic release of energy from within to begin again the creation and evolution of atomic elementary material. The cessation of gravity within Dark Matter can also be caused by collision with another body of matter, or dark matter, disrupting the structure of the Protons generating gravitation. 13 DARK ENERGY Dark Energy is a gravitational force appearing to attract and accelerate bodies of matter outwards at an increasing rate. Its generation comes from within Protons devoid of electrons in trajectories at the outermost parts of our known Universe. At the time of the Big Bang, Protons would have been one of the first of the components of Atomic elementary structures to be formed. Devoid of electrons they would be generating gravity waves, which would be disrupted by interference into pulses of gravitational force, with a positive charge bias. They would repel each other away from the intense energy still generating gravity waves, but unable to encounter or attract electrons into trajectories. These Protons, one of the first of the particles to be released during the Big Bang would continue outwards away from the intense activity, not attracted by bodies of evolving atomic elementary material having a positive charge, and repelled from each other by the same positive charge, yet generating a gravitational force which to a degree held them together as individual particles by its attraction for the down quarks within the Protons, as compared to an attraction for down quarks and electrons in complete atomic elemental structures. Ultimately these free Protons were destined to the far extents of the newly evolving bodies of matter within the Universe, and are now responsible for the acceleration of known bodies of matter outwards. 14 RELATIVITY AND TIME Albert Einstein called gravity a distortion in the shape of space-time, otherwise known as the fourth dimension, and is the reasons for positional anomalies in space flight. Basic physics states that if there are no external forces at work, an object will always travel in the straightest possible line. Accordingly, without an external force, two objects travelling along parallel paths will always remain parallel. They will never meet. But the fact is they do meet. Particles that start off on parallel paths sometimes end up colliding. Newton's theory says this can occur because of gravity, a force attracting those objects to one another or to a single, third object. Einstein also says this occurs due to gravity -- but in his theory, gravity is not a force, It's a curve in space-time. This was mainly because man could not quantify the external effects of gravitation, it was and is immeasurable. According to Einstein, those objects are still travelling along the straightest possible line, but due to a distortion in space-time, the straightest possible line is now along a spherical path. So two objects that were moving along a flat plane now move along a spherical plane, and two straight paths along that sphere end in a single point. Still more-recent theories of gravity express the phenomenon in terms of particles and waves. One view states that particles called gravitons cause objects to be attracted to one another. Gravitons have never actually been observed, though. And neither have gravitational waves, sometimes called gravitational radiation, which supposedly are generated when an object is accelerated by an external force: NEW CONCEPT The theories developed by Einstein and many of his followers are correct to a high degree, the theories were formed and based on the observation of phenomena and not necessarily on observed and measured fact, What we have are a set of formula that work for most cases but are based on false assumptions. Time is not the factor involved in the apparent spatial distortion across the Universe, MASS is. 15 HAFELE KEATING EXPERIMENT In the Hafele Keating experiment the clocks on the Aircraft travelling East to West were speeding up and the clocks on the Aircraft travelling from West to East were slowing down. It should be noted that the clocks change their speed because their mass changes, because gravitation through and acting upon the clocks has changed, and not because the curvature of space-time has affected them. The aircraft traveling from west to east would pass through Radial gravitational pulses from the Sun that pass through the Sun facing side of Earth faster than the earths movement in its trajectory plus its air speed. The radial speed of disrupted gravitation from the Sun must be the same as or greater than the speed of Earths orbital speed at its centre of gravity in order to maintain Earths trajectory and spin. The aircraft traveling from east to west would pass through Radial gravitational pulses from the Sun that pass through the Sun facing side of Earth faster than the earths movement in its trajectory plus its air speed. The difference between the gravitation affecting both aircraft would be their airspeed differential approximately 1000 mph plus the differential between the suns radial gravitational speed through Earth less Earths rotational speed at the equator. GRAVITY PROJECT B In the Gravity Project B experiment, four gyroscopic spheres were mounted in a chamber aboard a rocket, and carried through various trajectories around the polar areas of Earth at a height about 500 miles. As expected they gyroscopically aligned their spin angularly in alignment around the curvature of Earth. Not because of the curvature of space-time, but because the Suns radial motion of disrupted pulses of gravitation around the Earth and passing over the Polar region cause the gyroscopes to spin in alignment to their force upon the mass of the Spheres. This is due to the linear and radial movement of the Suns gravitational pulses through the spheres faster on the outgoing side and slower on the incoming side of the spheres causing radial spin and alignment towards their direction. The resultant measurements would be extremely difficult with respect to absolute precision because of the disrupted effect within the gravitational pulses moving around the Earth. 16 GRAVITATION SUMMARY Einstein was brilliant in adapting mathematical formulations to represent how gravity acted throughout the Universe. The formulas are correct in most respects because disrupted pulses of gravitation do create what appears to be a curvature in the motion of mass and energy throughout the Universe. Disrupted pulses of gravitation have a minute positive potential bias which attracts all negative charge and charge particles including Photons, Electrons, Down Quarks, Neutrons etc,. Gravitation also repels all positive charge and charge particles, Protons, Up Quarks etc,. Both of these actions result in an Equilibrium of Force between the attraction and repulsion of Bodies of matter throughout the Universe. Both of these actions also generate what we measure as Active and Passive Mass, but not Inertial Mass for it is affected by an external force and not just Gravitational force. Man may never be able measure, monitor or record the individual pulses of gravitation, though he may be able in the future to display gravity waves as generated from within all Protons, though they will have infinitely small charge and extremely high frequency. The concern throughout this work has been to try and explain the issues listed below that man as yet does not understand or comprehend. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE MASS ACTIVE PASSIVE AND INERTIAL DARK MATTER DARK ENERGY TIME DILATION AND RELATIVITY ATOMIC STRUCTURES MAGNETIC FORCE 17 Relativity has served its purpose well, but we now need to clearly and unequivocally define the above issues and define them in simple terms. Gravity has an attraction for and repulsion against all matter. Matter is composed of both negative and positive charge particles. Therefore disrupted pulses of Gravitation must have a charge potential, and it must be positive otherwise atomic elemental structures could not capture and retain an Electron in a trajectory around the Proton. Time is not relevant to speed, and speed does not affect Time. Mass does affect all timing mechanisms that comprise Mass, and Mass is affected by speed through gravitation. Disrupted pulses of gravitation are dispersed throughout space in varying densities and they impact on all matter generating the property of Mass. They arise within the core of all matter increasing in density and force towards the periphery. Thereafter their force diminishes as they emanate outwards into space. These positive disrupted pulses of gravitation could be considered as the decay energy from within all atoms structures as their energy diminishes over billions of years. Any charge or mass passing through this gravitation will experience a change in mass affected by this dispersion of gravitation throughout space. 18 MAGNETICS Current definitions, formulae, and mathematical proofs are not in doubt, they were developed based on actual measured statistics and are accurate to a high degree. The problem is that we do not understand Magnetic force, we cannot comprehend its origin or nature, yet its measure and effects are clearly defined and proven. It may be we need to take a new stance, a different viewpoint and consider if this magnetic force can have its foundation in another missing link, the force of Gravity. This new concept suggests the origin of magnetic force could be the same force that generates the waves capturing and maintaining electrons in trajectories within all atomic structures. These positive biased waves radiating from all Protons are randomly aligned through all bodies of matter attracting all negative atomic and sub-atomic particles including Photons in the more negative phase of all electromagnetic waves at any frequency. Some of these electron trajectories can be re-aligned if subject to external forces, such as moving electrons, magnetic fields, shock, vibration, or high temperature. The force generating the electron trajectories from within the nucleus of all Protons is extremely strong at short range guaranteeing the capture and retention of an electron. This force if aligned into a semi-polarised state with other atomic structures would result in an extremely high attractive force at close range, attracting all polarised waves, dependent on the direction of polarity, plus all negative atomic charged particles. This aligned force would be directional and with similarly aligned forces, will attract strongly at close range in one direction and repel them in the other. Gravitational force would remain intact and unchanged both from within the body of matter and the force reacting from outside of the body of matter. The polarization of Gravity waves from within Protons can generally only take place in trajectories that can be re-aligned with respect to adjacent trajectories. This appears more prevalent in the higher energy trajectories such as Iron, Nickel etc. Some of these trajectories appear outside of other trajectories with an appearance almost like a hoop, or tyre. 19 These trajectories can re-align without changing the structure. These aligned trajectories would produce aligned directional waves which could attract other similarly aligned waves in adjacent material. This is what we term magnetic force. This force can attract and move free electrons towards a North Polar region. When electrons are attracted to move they move with a helical motion in the direction of their spin, clockwise or anti-clockwise. This radiates a helical rotational set of high frequency negative waves at 90 degrees to the direction of movement. That is really 90 degrees radially to direction of movement. Thus polarized gravity waves can attract and repel polarized gravity waves. Polarised gravity waves can move free electrons which can move with helical motion in the direction of their spin. These two factors give us magnetic induction from polarized gravity waves, ( magnetic force ) and electromagnetic induction from the spin helical movements of electrons through conductors. CONCLUSION Every atom generates two positive gravity waves from within every Proton. These are disrupted into pulses of gravitation with a positive potential. They attract all negative charge and charge particles. They repel all positive charge and charge particles. This generation of gravitation is produced from within every Proton in every atomic elementary structure. Their positive potential is as infinitely small as the Universe is large, it is unlikely Man will never have the capacity to measure them individually. Their combined force can bend and distort electromagnetic waves, hold intergalactic objects of mass and charge in place, yet be so precise as to hold planetary bodies of matter in a position of equilibrium within their orbital trajectories maintained by that gravitational force itself. The power of gravitation is beyond man’s comprehension ! 20 21 22 23 24 ATOMIC STRUCTURES More Neutrons can exist between each Proton creating isotopes Element 4i 9h 16g 16f 9d 4p 2s 4p 9d 16f 16g 9h 4i Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A Proton evolves creating a structure A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction A Proton is attracted to the Neutron by attraction 25 Shell Struct ure 1s 2s 2s/1p 2s/2p 2s/3p 2s/4p 2s/5p 2s/6p 2s/7p 2s/8p 2s/8p/1d 2s/8p/2d 2s/8p/3d 2s/8p/4d 2s/8p/5d 2s/8p/6d A Neutron can be attracted to a Proton by attraction 26