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Ecology Biology Chapter 3 What is Ecology? • The study of the interactions between living things and their surroundings All living things depend upon one another!! The root word ‘ology’ means the study of in latin Levels of Organization • Biome – group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities – Example: desert, rain forest, etc. • Ecosystem –Living and Non-living aspects of environment • Community – group of several species • Population – a group of one species living in same area • Species – group of organisms that live together, interbreed, and produce fertile offspring What is a species? Q: Why is a Liger (Lion + Tiger) not technically a species? A: It is an infertile hybrid Levels of Organization Individual Species > Population > Community > Ecosystem > Biome > Biosphere ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Types of Organisms Autotrophs (Producers) - Make their own food - Examples: trees, grass, flowers, etc. Heterotrophs (Consumers) - Must eat food for energy - Examples: humans, dogs, fish, insects, etc. Two Types of Autotrophs (Life that can produce their own food) Photosynthesis Use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert CO2 and H20 into sugar energy. Example: trees, grass, sunflowers, etc Chemosynthesis Use chemical energy to produce sugar energy. Example: bacteria (volcanic vents, deep ocean floor) What is chemosynthesis? Synthesis means “to make” To make food with chemicals Photosynthesis = turning sun energy into chemical energy of glucose Green Plants take in … Water and Carbon Dioxide Green Plants then produce… Oxygen and Glucose (Sugar) Chemical Formula for Photosynthesis Reactants Products H20 + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2 water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen Photosynthesis occurs in a tiny cell part (organelle) known as a Chloroplast. Types of Heterotrophs Herbivore Eats only plants Deer, squirrels Carnivore Eats only meat Lions, tigers Omnivore Eats both plants & animals Detrivore Eats dead and decaying organims Decomposers Breaks down the remains Monkeys, bears Vulture, hyeena Bacteria Heterotrophs must get their energy by consuming others. Heterotrophs undergo cellular respiration to break apart the glucose molecules to make energy Cellular Respiration = Process that breaks apart glucose molecules to make energy. This is the exact opposite reaction of photosynthesis... glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water Occurs in an organelle called the mitochondria. Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in 1 direction Food chain = shows energy transferred by eating. Feeding Relationships cont. Food web = Link all the food chains in the ecosystem together Remember: Arrows always point away from the organism being consumed. Trophic Levels = each step on the food chain or web Third level consumers – carnivores Second level consumers carnivores First level consumers Heterotrophs Producers Ecological Pyramids • Pyramid of numbers • Biomass pyramid • Energy pyramid Pyramid of Numbers 1 top level carnivore 2 carnivores 3 herbivores 100 plants Biomass Pyramid 5 grams of producers 50 grams of producers 500 grams of producers 5000 grams of producers Energy Pyramid Energy Flow .1 % 3rd level consumers 1% 2nd level consumers 10% 1st level consumers 100% Producers ALL living things require water to survive!! Water Cycle http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/ The Carbon Cycle Key ingredient of living tissue. CO2 in Atmosphere • See handout CO2 in Ocean All organisms require Nitrogen to make amino acids which in turn make proteins. The Nitrogen Cycle N2 in Atmosphere NH3 NO3and NO2-