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The study of relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environment organisms populations Biological community ecosystem biome biosphere Organism ◦ Individual plant, animal or single-celled life form. Population ◦ Individual organisms of a single species sharing the same geographic location. Species- An individual belonging to a group of organisms having common characteristics and are capable of mating with one another to produce fertile offspring. Biological Community ◦ Interacting populations of species that occupy the same geographic region. Ecosystem Biome Biosphere ◦ Community of all living organisms (biotic) plus climate, soil, water, rocks and other nonliving (abiotic) factors ◦ Large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities ◦ Characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities ◦ All biomes combined including the earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere and surface. Biotic factors ◦ Living things Plants, animals, fungi and bacteria Abiotic factors ◦ Nonliving things Moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil Balance of these factors determines which living things can survive in a particular environment. Ecosystem is a complex web of connected biotic and abiotic factors Biodiversity ◦ Assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem High area of biodiversity = rainforests Rainforest covers less than 7% of Earth’s surface but accounts for over 50% of planet’s plant and animal species Rainforests are considered hot spots (area that is rich in biodiversity) A. Producers: organisms that get their energy from non-living resources; make their own food ◦ AKA Autotrophs which means “self-nourishment” 1. Photosynthesis- sunlight energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates (most producers). 1. 2. f Chemosynthesis: process by which an organism forms carbohydrates using chemicals, rather than light, as an energy source ◦ Found in deep-sea vents, sulfur-rich salt marsh flats, hydrothermal pools B. Consumer: organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources ◦ AKA Heterotrophs means “different nourishment” Herbivores: Eat ONLY plants Carnivores: Eat ONLY animals Omnivores: Eat BOTH plants and animals Scavengers: Eat carcasses of other animals Decomposers: Break down organic matter into simpler compounds (into detritus) Detritivores: Eat detritus ◦ detritus = dead organic matter Species that relies on one (or a small number) of food sources Very sensitive to changes in availability of prey Example: Snail Kite ◦ Depends on apple snail as its main food source Sword- Billed Hummingbird Koala Most species DO NOT rely on a single source of food Varying diet Example: Gray Wolf ◦ Eat elk, moose, white-tailed deer, beavers, mice Cockroach Rats Raccoon Horseshoe Crab All ecosystems depend on producers ALL consumers are connected to producers ALL consumers indirectly depend on the sun for their energy Simplest way to look at energy flow Food chain- sequence that links species by their feeding relationships ◦ One producer and a single chain of consumers Organisms may have multiple feeding relationships. Primary consumers = herbivores Secondary consumers = carnivores that eat herbivores Tertiary consumers = carnivores that eat secondary consumers Omnivores can be listed at different trophic levels Example: reef shark eats a parrotfish it is a secondary consumer; reef shark eats a triggerfish it is a tertiary consumer SUN Food Web- Model showing complex network of feeding relationships ◦ Stability of food web depends on the presence of producers One of the most basic needs that every living organism has is the need for energy. Within an ecosystem there is a one way flow of energy ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Ecosystems get their energy from sunlight The energy flows up the food chain Some energy is dissipated (lost) Each level of the food chain contains much less energy than the level below The interactions that characterize the flow of energy from one organism to another are called Trophic Levels (levels of nourishment in a food chain/web). No limit in trophic levels, but only a portion of the energy that passes through trophic level is stored in the bodies of organisms at the next level. ◦ Thus there are a smaller number of organisms in the next trophic level. Body uses energy for movement & growth, but the energy is mostly consumed to keep the body at its normal temperature ◦ Unused material is excreted as waste Dissipation of energy between trophic levels can be as much as 90% ◦ Only 10% of energy is left to transfer to the next trophic level Energy Pyramid ◦ Diagram that shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or food web ◦ The more levels between a producer and a consumer= the smaller percentage of the available energy Biomass Pyramid ◦ Compares the different biomass (amount of living tissue) of different trophic levels Typically measured in grams of organic matter per unit area Pyramid of Numbers ◦ Shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem In some cases the lowest level may not be the largest level What are the three types of pyramids used to show energy flow in ecosystems? Objectives: ◦ SWBAT describe the difference between a habitat and niche. ◦ SWBAT describe the different forms of symbiosis. Agenda: ◦ Go over quizzes and HW ◦ Niche vs. Habitat Notes Think-Pair- Share ◦ Competition and Symbiosis Symbiosis HW Habitat= where the organism lives (biotic and abiotic factors are included!) Niche = describes what an organism does, and how it interacts with biotic and abiotic factors ◦ Food: type of food, how it competes for food, where does it fit in food web ◦ Abiotic conditions: air temp and amount of water species can tolerate ◦ Behavior: time of day species is active, where and when it reproduces Competitive exclusion: two species are competing for same resources but one species dominates and pushes the other one out ◦ No two species occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time Ecological equivalents: species occupy similar niches but live in different geographical regions Lives in South America Live in Madagascar Two organisms fighting for the same limited resources Organisms can have different niches but still compete for similar resources Can occur between members of the same species Intraspecific competition ◦ Competition between species of the same population Interspecific competition ◦ Competition between species of different populations ◦ Relates to competitive exclusion Process by which one organism captures and feeds upon another organism (predation) Herbivores can also be considered predators because they are preying on the plants (herbivory) Species that has an unusually larger effect on its ecosystem ◦ Ie. Sea otters in the 20th century and depletion of kelp What is competitive exclusion? Give an example. Close ecological relationship between two or more organisms of different species ◦ Mutualism: Both organisms benefit Bats and cacti flowers ◦ Commensalism: One of the organisms benefits while the other one doesn’t benefit or is not harmed Eyelash mites that feed on secretions and dead skin ◦ Parasitism: One organism benefits while the other one is harmed Wasp laying eggs inside a caterpillar