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10/4/09 Chapter 1 The Science Of Life Section 1 The World Of Biology Objectives Relate the relevance of biology to a person’s daily life o Each day, biologists investigate subjects that affect you and the way you live. For example, biologists determine which foods are healthy. Biologists also study how much a person should exercise and how one can avoid getting sick. Biologists also study what you air, land, and food supply will be like in the near future. Describe the importance of biology in human society o By studying biology you can make informed decisions on issues that impact you and our society. Every day newspapers, television, and the Internet contain issues that relate to biology. Biologists actively work to solve real-world issues and problems, including improving our food supply, curing diseases and preserving our environment. List the characteristics of living things o Organization and cells o Response to stimuli o Homeostasis o Metabolism o Growth and development o Reproduction o Change through time Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organisms o Atom o Biological molecule o Organelle o Cell o Tissue o Organ o Organism Distinguish between homeostasis and metabolism and between growth, development, and reproduction o Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing. While metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment. o Growth and development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult. While reproduction is the process in which organisms produce new organisms like themselves. Vocabulary Biology Organization Cell Unicellular Multicellular 10/4/09 Organ Tissue Organelle Biological molecule Homeostasis Metabolism Cell division Development Reproduction Gene Review How does biology affect a person’s daily life? o Each day, biologists investigate subjects that affect you and the way you live. For example, biologists determine which foods are healthy. Biologists also study how much a person should exercise and how one can avoid getting sick. Biologists also study what your air, land, and food supply will be like in the near future. How does biology affect society? o By studying biology you can make informed decisions on issues that impact you and our society. Every day newspapers, television, and the Internet contain issues that relate to biology. Biologists actively work to solve real-world issues and problems, including improving our food supply, curing diseases and preserving our environment. Name the characteristics shared by living things. o Organization and cells o Response to stimuli o Homeostasis o Metabolism o Growth and development o Reproduction o Change through time Summarize the hierarchy of organization found in complex multicellular organisms. o Atom o Biological molecule o Organelle o Cell o Tissue o Organ o Organism What are the different functions and homeostasis and metabolism in living organisms? o Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing. While metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment. 10/4/09 How does the growth among living and nonliving things differ? o All living things grow an increase in size. Some nonliving things such as crystals or icicles grow by accumulating more of the same material of which they are made. In contrast, the growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells. Why is reproduction an important characteristic of life? o Reproduction, unlike other characteristics, is not essential to the survival of an individual organism. However, because no organism lives forever, reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species. Section 2 Themes In Biology Objectives Identify three important themes that help explain the living world o Diversity and unity of life o Interdependence of organisms o Evolution of life Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified. o Life is so diverse, yet life is also characterized by unity, or features that all living things have in common. Genetic cod Presence of organelles The tree of life Describe how living organisms are interdependent. o Ecosystems are communities of living species and their physical environments. Such studies reveal that organisms depend on each other as well as on minerals, nutrients, water, gases, heat, and other elements of their physical surroundings. Summarize why evolution is an important theme in biology. o Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations, such that genetically distinct populations and new species can develop. Vocabulary Domain Kingdom Ecology Ecosystem Evolution Natural selection Adaptation Review Name three unifying themes found in biology. o Diversity and unity of life o Interdependence of organisms o Evolution of life How is the unity and diversity in the living world represented? o Unity and diversity in the living world is represented by the tree of life. 10/4/09 Identify the three domains and the kingdoms found in each domain. o Bacteria: Bacteria o Archaea: Archaea o Eukarya: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista How are organisms interdependent? o Organisms interact with each other throughout the living world. Ecology is the branch of biology that studies organisms interacting with each other and with the environment. Ecologists study single species as well as ecosystems. Ecosystems are communities of living species and their physical environments. Such studies reveal that organisms depend on each other as well as on minerals, nutrients, water, gases, heat, and other elements of their physical surroundings. Describe why evolution is important in explaining the diversity of life. o Evolution as a theme in biology helps us understand how the various branches of the tree of life came into existence and have changed over time. It also explains how organisms alive today are changed over time. It also explains how organisms alive today are related to those that lived in the past. Finally, it helps us understand the mechanisms that underlie the way organisms look and behave. Distinguish between evolution and natural selection. o Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations, such that genetically distinct populations and new species can develop. According to the theory of evolution by natural selection, organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits. Section 3 The Study of Biology Objectives Outline the main steps in the scientific method. o Observation Ask question o Hypothesis Make prediction o Experiment o Collecting data o Analyzing data o Make conclusion o Share Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses. List the elements of a controlled experiment. o Control group o Experimental group Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions. Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory. State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias. Vocabulary 10/4/09 Scientific method Observation Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Control group Experimental group Independent variable Dependent variable Theory Peer review Review What two principles make the scientific method a unique process? Define the roles of observations and hypotheses in science. Summarize the part of a controlled experiment. o A controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control group and only has one variable. Summarize how we make conclusions about the results of an experiment. Why is the phrase, “it’s just a theory” misleading? o People may say “It’s just a theory” suggesting that an idea is untested, but scientists view a theory as a highly tested, generally accepted principle that explains a vast number of observations and experimental data. Give another example of a conflict of interest. o The threat of a potential scandal based on misleading data or conclusions is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair. Section 4 Tools And Techniques Objectives List the function of each of the major parts of a compound light microscope. o Eyepiece: The eyepiece (ocular lens) magnifies the image, usually 10 times. o Objective lens: Light passes through the specimen and then through the objective lens, which is located directly above the specimen. The objective lens enlarges the image of the specimen. Scientists sometimes use stains to make the image easier to see. Red: 4X Yellow: 10X Blue: 40X Oil emersion (white): 100X (only on binocular microscope) o Stage: The stage is a platform that supports a slide holding the specimen. The slide is placed over the opening in the stage of the microscope. o Light source: The light source is a light bulb that provides light for viewing the image. It can be either light reflected with a mirror or an incandescent light from a small lamp. Compare two kinds of electron microscopes. 10/4/09 o Scanning electron microscope (SEM) passes a beam of electrons over the specimen’s surface. SEMs can magnify objects up to 100,000 times. o Transmission electron microscope (TEM) transmits a beam of electrons through a thinly sliced specimen. TEMs can magnify objects up to 200,000 times. Describe the importance of having the SI system of measurement. o Scientists use a common measurement system so that they can compare their results. State some examples of good laboratory practice. o Always ask your teacher before using any equipment. Vocabulary Compound light microscope Eyepiece (ocular lens) Objective lens Stage Light source Magnification Nosepiece Resolution Scanning electron microscope Transmission electron microscope Metric system Base unit Review List the four major parts of a compound light microscope. o Eyepiece (ocular lens) o Objective lens o Stage o Light source What is the difference between the magnification and resolution of an image under a microscope? o Magnification is the increase of an object’s apparent size. o Resolution is the power to show the details clearly in an image. Compare the function of a transmission electron microscope with that of a scanning electron microscope. o Scanning electron microscopes pass a beam of electrons over the specimen’s surface for better viewing the external surface of a specimen. o Transmission electron microscopes transmit a beam of electrons through a thinly sliced specimen for better viewing the internal structures of a specimen. What is the importance of scientists using a common SI system of measurement? o Scientists use a common measurement system so that they can compare their results. How would you convert kilometers to millimeters? o giga 10/4/09 o mega o kilo o hecto o deka o unit o deci o centi o milli o micro o nano o pico Name the safety symbols used in this textbook.