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Chapter 1 The Science Of Life
Section 1 The World Of Biology
Objectives
 Relate the relevance of biology to a person’s daily life
o Each day, biologists investigate subjects that affect you and the way you
live. For example, biologists determine which foods are healthy.
Biologists also study how much a person should exercise and how one can
avoid getting sick. Biologists also study what you air, land, and food
supply will be like in the near future.
 Describe the importance of biology in human society
o By studying biology you can make informed decisions on issues that
impact you and our society. Every day newspapers, television, and the
Internet contain issues that relate to biology. Biologists actively work to
solve real-world issues and problems, including improving our food
supply, curing diseases and preserving our environment.
 List the characteristics of living things
o Organization and cells
o Response to stimuli
o Homeostasis
o Metabolism
o Growth and development
o Reproduction
o Change through time
 Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organisms
o Atom
o Biological molecule
o Organelle
o Cell
o Tissue
o Organ
o Organism
 Distinguish between homeostasis and metabolism and between growth,
development, and reproduction
o Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions
even though environmental conditions are constantly changing. While
metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and
transform energy and materials from the environment.
o Growth and development is the process by which an organism becomes a
mature adult. While reproduction is the process in which organisms
produce new organisms like themselves.
Vocabulary
 Biology
 Organization
 Cell
 Unicellular
 Multicellular
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 Organ
 Tissue
 Organelle
 Biological molecule
 Homeostasis
 Metabolism
 Cell division
 Development
 Reproduction
 Gene
Review
 How does biology affect a person’s daily life?
o Each day, biologists investigate subjects that affect you and the way you
live. For example, biologists determine which foods are healthy.
Biologists also study how much a person should exercise and how one
can avoid getting sick. Biologists also study what your air, land, and food
supply will be like in the near future.
 How does biology affect society?
o By studying biology you can make informed decisions on issues that
impact you and our society. Every day newspapers, television, and the
Internet contain issues that relate to biology. Biologists actively work to
solve real-world issues and problems, including improving our food
supply, curing diseases and preserving our environment.
 Name the characteristics shared by living things.
o Organization and cells
o Response to stimuli
o Homeostasis
o Metabolism
o Growth and development
o Reproduction
o Change through time
 Summarize the hierarchy of organization found in complex multicellular
organisms.
o Atom
o Biological molecule
o Organelle
o Cell
o Tissue
o Organ
o Organism
 What are the different functions and homeostasis and metabolism in living
organisms?
o Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions
even though environmental conditions are constantly changing. While
metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and
transform energy and materials from the environment.
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
How does the growth among living and nonliving things differ?
o All living things grow an increase in size. Some nonliving things such as
crystals or icicles grow by accumulating more of the same material of
which they are made. In contrast, the growth of living things results from
the division and enlargement of cells.
 Why is reproduction an important characteristic of life?
o Reproduction, unlike other characteristics, is not essential to the survival
of an individual organism. However, because no organism lives forever,
reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species.
Section 2 Themes In Biology
Objectives
 Identify three important themes that help explain the living world
o Diversity and unity of life
o Interdependence of organisms
o Evolution of life
 Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified.
o Life is so diverse, yet life is also characterized by unity, or features that all
living things have in common.
 Genetic cod
 Presence of organelles
 The tree of life
 Describe how living organisms are interdependent.
o Ecosystems are communities of living species and their physical
environments. Such studies reveal that organisms depend on each other as
well as on minerals, nutrients, water, gases, heat, and other elements of
their physical surroundings.
 Summarize why evolution is an important theme in biology.
o Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the
inherited characteristics within populations change over generations, such
that genetically distinct populations and new species can develop.
Vocabulary
 Domain
 Kingdom
 Ecology
 Ecosystem
 Evolution
 Natural selection
 Adaptation
Review
 Name three unifying themes found in biology.
o Diversity and unity of life
o Interdependence of organisms
o Evolution of life
 How is the unity and diversity in the living world represented?
o Unity and diversity in the living world is represented by the tree of life.
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
Identify the three domains and the kingdoms found in each domain.
o Bacteria: Bacteria
o Archaea: Archaea
o Eukarya: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista
 How are organisms interdependent?
o Organisms interact with each other throughout the living world. Ecology
is the branch of biology that studies organisms interacting with each other
and with the environment. Ecologists study single species as well as
ecosystems. Ecosystems are communities of living species and their
physical environments. Such studies reveal that organisms depend on each
other as well as on minerals, nutrients, water, gases, heat, and other
elements of their physical surroundings.
 Describe why evolution is important in explaining the diversity of life.
o Evolution as a theme in biology helps us understand how the various
branches of the tree of life came into existence and have changed over
time. It also explains how organisms alive today are changed over time. It
also explains how organisms alive today are related to those that lived in
the past. Finally, it helps us understand the mechanisms that underlie the
way organisms look and behave.
 Distinguish between evolution and natural selection.
o Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the
inherited characteristics within populations change over generations, such
that genetically distinct populations and new species can develop.
According to the theory of evolution by natural selection, organisms that
have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce
successfully than organisms that lack these traits.
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Objectives
 Outline the main steps in the scientific method.
o Observation
 Ask question
o Hypothesis
 Make prediction
o Experiment
o Collecting data
o Analyzing data
o Make conclusion
o Share
 Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses.
 List the elements of a controlled experiment.
o Control group
o Experimental group
 Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions.
 Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory.
 State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias.
Vocabulary
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 Scientific method
 Observation
 Hypothesis
 Prediction
 Experiment
 Control group
 Experimental group
 Independent variable
 Dependent variable
 Theory
 Peer review
Review
 What two principles make the scientific method a unique process?
 Define the roles of observations and hypotheses in science.
 Summarize the part of a controlled experiment.
o A controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control
group and only has one variable.
 Summarize how we make conclusions about the results of an experiment.
 Why is the phrase, “it’s just a theory” misleading?
o People may say “It’s just a theory” suggesting that an idea is untested, but
scientists view a theory as a highly tested, generally accepted principle
that explains a vast number of observations and experimental data.
 Give another example of a conflict of interest.
o The threat of a potential scandal based on misleading data or conclusions
is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair.
Section 4 Tools And Techniques
Objectives
 List the function of each of the major parts of a compound light microscope.
o Eyepiece: The eyepiece (ocular lens) magnifies the image, usually 10
times.
o Objective lens: Light passes through the specimen and then through the
objective lens, which is located directly above the specimen. The objective
lens enlarges the image of the specimen. Scientists sometimes use stains to
make the image easier to see.
 Red: 4X
 Yellow: 10X
 Blue: 40X
 Oil emersion (white): 100X (only on binocular microscope)
o Stage: The stage is a platform that supports a slide holding the specimen.
The slide is placed over the opening in the stage of the microscope.
o Light source: The light source is a light bulb that provides light for
viewing the image. It can be either light reflected with a mirror or an
incandescent light from a small lamp.
 Compare two kinds of electron microscopes.
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o Scanning electron microscope (SEM) passes a beam of electrons over the
specimen’s surface. SEMs can magnify objects up to 100,000 times.
o Transmission electron microscope (TEM) transmits a beam of electrons
through a thinly sliced specimen. TEMs can magnify objects up to
200,000 times.
 Describe the importance of having the SI system of measurement.
o Scientists use a common measurement system so that they can compare
their results.
 State some examples of good laboratory practice.
o Always ask your teacher before using any equipment.
Vocabulary
 Compound light microscope
 Eyepiece (ocular lens)
 Objective lens
 Stage
 Light source
 Magnification
 Nosepiece
 Resolution
 Scanning electron microscope
 Transmission electron microscope
 Metric system
 Base unit
Review
 List the four major parts of a compound light microscope.
o Eyepiece (ocular lens)
o Objective lens
o Stage
o Light source
 What is the difference between the magnification and resolution of an image
under a microscope?
o Magnification is the increase of an object’s apparent size.
o Resolution is the power to show the details clearly in an image.
 Compare the function of a transmission electron microscope with that of a
scanning electron microscope.
o Scanning electron microscopes pass a beam of electrons over the
specimen’s surface for better viewing the external surface of a specimen.
o Transmission electron microscopes transmit a beam of electrons through a
thinly sliced specimen for better viewing the internal structures of a
specimen.
 What is the importance of scientists using a common SI system of measurement?
o Scientists use a common measurement system so that they can compare
their results.
 How would you convert kilometers to millimeters?
o giga
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
o mega
o kilo
o hecto
o deka
o unit
o deci
o centi
o milli
o micro
o nano
o pico
Name the safety symbols used in this textbook.