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Nominals One-word Nouns, Noun Phrases, Noun Clauses Ch 7 Noun functions in a sentence I Subject of the verb Two girls made the team. Object of the verb or verbal – direct object While we were cooking dinner, John rang the doorbell, interrupting our evening together. – indirect object We taught her the facts she needed to pass the test. Ch 7 Noun functions in a sentence II Object of a preposition I placed a flowerpot on the windowsill. Subject complement After Object complement His years of study, she became a physician. teacher made him the hall monitor. Appositive (noun in apposition) My sister Catherine called me yesterday. Ch 7 Noun Phrases--Gerunds Gerunds are formed from the present participle, or “ing” form of the verb, and are part verb and part noun. – – Like verbs, they have subjects, objects, complements, and may be modified by adverbs Like nouns, they may be subjects, direct objects, complements, appositives, objects of prepositions, and may be modified by adjectives Ch 7 Tense and Voice in Gerunds Gerunds have two tenses and both voices – present tense and active voice – present tense and passive voice – Being held responsible for your errors angered me. past tense and active voice – Holding me responsible for your errors will hurt you. Having held me responsible for your errors cost you. past tense and passive voice Having been held responsible for your errors was unfortunate for my career. Ch 7 Gerund as subject Running two laps daily is good for you. Running | laps is good you Main clause—pattern 2; gerund phrase—pattern 7 Ch 7 Gerund as direct object He made winning the election his top priority. winning He made election priority Main clause—pattern 10; gerund phrase—pattern 7 Ch 7 Gerund as Subject Complement Good preparation for a career on stage is interning with an off-Broadway company. interning preparation is company career stage Main clause—pattern 3; gerund phrase—pattern 6 Ch 7 Gerund as Object of Preposition By exercising vigorously, she lost 10 lbs. she lost lbs Main clause— pattern 7; gerund phrase— pattern 6 exercising Note that this prepositional phrase could be read adverbially Ch 7 Gerund as noun in apposition Our top concern, being flat broke, was not easily solved by her patronizing advice. Main clause— pattern 7 passive; gerund phrase— pattern 2 being concern ( ) was solved advice Ch 7 Noun Phrases—Infinitives Infinitives are formed from the base form of the verb, and are part verb and part noun. – – – Like verbs, they have subjects, objects, complements, and may be modified by adverbs Like nouns, they may be subjects, direct objects, complements, appositives, and may be modified by adjectives Unlike gerunds, infinitives are rarely object complements or indirect objects or objects of prepositions Ch 7 Infinitive as Subject or Direct object To be a teacher is her ambition. – – Main clause—pattern 3 infinitive phrase—pattern 3 John really wanted to give her a Mt. Everest climbing vacation. – – Main clause—pattern 7 Infinitive phrase—pattern 8 Ch 7 Infinitives as subject complements or appositives His solution to his mother’s cancer is to be a research physician and find a cure. – – Main clause—pattern 3 Infinitive phrases—”to be” is pattern 3 and “(to) find” is pattern 7 His burning ambition, to star on Broadway, was not realized. – – Main clause—pattern 7 passive Infinitive phrase—pattern 6 Ch 7 Noun clauses Noun clauses are dependent clauses with their own subject and verb and sentence pattern, yet they are embedded in the main clause and fill a sentence slot in the main clause. When working with embedded noun clause, FIND THE VERB in the main clause first. Ch 7 Noun clause as subject in main clause Why I bother to study for tests I always fail is a mystery to me. I fail (that) study I bother tests is Main clause—pattern 3; noun clause— pattern 7; adj clause—pattern 7; infinitive phrase—pattern 6 mystery me Ch 7 Noun clause as Direct object in main clause My sister always wanted whatever I had just purchased. – Main clause—pattern 7; noun clause—pattern 7 “whatever is DO in noun clause Entire noun clause “whatever . . . purchased” is DO in main clause. Sentences containing noun clauses need not have main clauses that can stand alone as independent sentences Ch 7 Noun clause as subject complement in main clause Your erroneous belief is that violence will not cause more bloodshed. – This noun clause begins with the expletive “that”: – – Main clause—pattern 3; noun clause—pattern 7 “that” has no function in the noun clause For example, in the noun clause above “violence” is the subject and “bloodshed” the DO of the clause Noun clause can also begin with interrogatives— why, how, what, where, when, who, whose, whom – These interrogatives always have a function in the noun clause Ch 7 Noun clause as appositive The sorority’s spring vacation destination, wherever college boys hang out, was hotly debated by the members. – Main clause—pattern 7 passive; noun clause— pattern 6 boys destination hang out___________ ( ) was debated members Ch 7 Noun clause as object of preposition We should worry about why he has left the club, as it reflects badly on us. – Main clause—pattern 6; noun clause—pattern 7; adverb clause “as . . . us”—pattern 6 We should worry It he has left reflects us Ch 7 club