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Transcript
Plant responses and Animal behaviour The Environment: Abiotic and biotic factors For an organism to grow, survive and reproduce they have to be able to take advantage of changes in their environments. Its habitat, where an organism lives does not change, but the environment can change dramatically (eg: Barnacle). An organism’s niche is its ‘way of life’ – how it lives in that habitat. 1. What does environment mean? 2. What are abiotic factors (physical factors)? Environmental factors o For a species to survive it must be able to reproduce. This requires that they have suitable conditions for growth, are able to avoid being eaten and for sexual reproduction are able to interact with others of the same species. o The environment is all of these factors – biotic and abiotic. Various factors in the organism’s environment are constantly changing. o Organisms need to respond to environmental factors to survive and grow. o Plants generally respond to the environmental factors by growth and by turgor (changes in pressure of the cells) movements while animals generally respond by movements. o Organism must detect and respond to key physical factors to keep within their optimum range. Abiotic (physical) Factors FACTOR ASPECTS OF THE FACTOR SIGNIFICANCE TO THE ORGANISM light intensity, duration, wavelength (colour of visible light, UV and infrared) photosynthesis, temperature, growth, camouflage, vision water temperature atmosphere chemicals vibrations substrate fire Gravity Touch 3. What are biotic factors? Biotic factors o The same species – intraspecific - and these interactions include; Competition Cooperation Aggression Reproduction o Different species – interspecific – and these interactions include; Competition Cooperation or mutualism Exploitation Commensalisms Analysis of effects of interactions (+ beneficial, - harmful) Interaction Effect on Species 1 predation of species 2 by species 1 mutualism commensalisms of species1 with species 2 parasitism of species 1 by species 2 competition between species 1 and species 2 Effect on Species 2 Responses of organisms to the environment Environment = factors (abiotic and biotic) Behaviour = response of the organism to environmental factors Innate behaviour Learned behaviour *Sometimes behaviour is a mixture of the innate and learned. Behaviour consists of 3 process: a. Stimulus – change in environment b. Receptor – any cell or group of cells that can detect the change c. Effector – a cell or group of cells that respond to the change 4. Describe what is meant by ecological niche? Adaptations are inherited in 3 ways: (1) Structural = (2) Behavioural = (3) Physiological =