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Transcript
Unit 8: Interactions of Living Things The Environment interact environment • All organisms ___________ with their ______________ Ecology • __________the study of the interactions among _____________ and their environment organisms relationships • Ecologists are scientists who study these ______________ • Environmental factors that influence organisms are two living organized into _______ groups nonliving and _________ or once living The Environment Abiotic factors • ________ ________- the nonliving parts of the environment temperature • Include water, sunlight, ______________, air and soil • All these factors and others are important in determining which ____________ are able to live in a particular organisms _______________ environment All water to survive • _______ living things need ________ cytoplasm • Water is an important part of the ____________ in cells and the fluid that surrounds the cells The Environment digestion • Respiration, photosynthesis, ___________ and other life processes can only occur in the presence important _______ of water 95 surface • ______ percent of Earth’s ___________ water is found in the __________ oceans fresh • Saltwater and _________ water environments support vast numbers of species The Environment light • The abiotic factors of _______ and temperature also affect the environment sunlight • The availability of ___________ is a major factor in determining where green plants and other ________________ organisms live photosynthetic dense • In _________ forests where little sunlight penetrates forest floor, very few photosynthetic through to the ________ plants grow The Environment temperature • The ______________ of a region also determines which plants and animals can live there consistent • Some areas of the world have a fairly ____________ temperature year round, but other areas have ___________ seasons during which temperatures vary Water • _________ environments throughout the world also have varied temperatures widely _________ found • Living organisms can be _________ at almost every temperature The Environment • Although you can’t see the air that surrounds you, it has an __________ on the lives of most species impact mixture • Air is composed of a ___________ of gases including nitrogen __________, oxygen, and carbon dioxide animals • Most plants and ___________ depend on the gases in air for ____________ respiration atmosphere gasses • The ______________ is the layer of __________ and airborne particles that surrounds Earth The Environment Polluted • ___________ air can cause the species in the area to change __________, move, or die off 8 km to weather • Clouds and ___________ occur in the bottom ____ 16 km of the atmosphere _____ affected by the weather in the area where • All species are __________ they live 20 km to ____ 50 km above the ozone • The _________ layer is _____ Earth’s surface and protects organisms from harmful radiation ___________ from the sun The Environment pressure weight • Air __________, which is the _________ of air pressing altitude down on Earth, changes depending on the ___________ less • Higher altitudes have _______ air pressure extreme • Few organisms live at ___________ air pressures The Environment Soil greatly • _______ can vary ___________ from one environment to another sand • Soil type is determined by the amounts of ________, silt and clay it contains • Various kinds of soil contain different amounts of nutrients, _____________, and moisture minerals plants • Different __________ need different kinds of soil • The types of plants in an area determine which other _____________ can survive in the area organisms The Environment Biotic factors organisms • ________ ________- Living or once-living _____________ in the environment food • Organisms depend on other organisms for _______, shelter, protection _____________ and reproduction organization • The following levels of ________________ describe how abiotic organisms interact with one another and with __________ factors The Environment Population species • _____________all the members of one __________ that live together compete • Members of a population ____________ for food, water, mates and _________ space • The ____________ of the environment and the ways the resources organisms _______ these resources determine how use ________ large a population can become The Environment alone • Most populations of organisms do not live ________, they live and ___________ with populations of other ________ interact types of organisms Community populations • ______________Groups of _____________ that interact with each other in a given ________ area • Example: a population of penguins and all of the _________ species that they __________ with interact community • Populations of organisms in a ______________ depend on each other for _________, shelter, and other needs food The Environment Ecologists organisms • ____________ also study interactions among ____________ and their ___________ surroundings physical • _____________made up of a _________ Ecosystem biotic community and abiotic factors that _________ affect it • Examples: Coral reefs, forests, and ponds The Environment different • Scientists divide Earth into ____________ regions called biomes Biomes plant • ___________large regions with _________ and animal adapted groups that are well ___________ to the soil and __________ of the region climate ecosystems • Many different _____________ are found in a biome The Environment 11,000 m deep in the ocean, • Living things can be found _________ and ________ 4.5 km high in 9,000 m high on mountains, and ______ Earth’s atmosphere Biosphere life • _____________the part of Earth that supports _______ crust • It includes the top part of Earth’s _________, all the waters __________ that cover Earth’s surface, the surrounding atmosphere, and all __________ biomes Interactions Among Living Organisms Populations • ______________ can be described by their characteristics density such as spacing and __________ number • The ____________ of individuals in a population is the population’s ________ size difficult • Populations size can be __________ to measure small • If a population is _________ and made of organisms that move don’t _________ the size can be determined by ___________ the individuals counting Interactions Among Living Organisms move • Usually individuals are too widespread or _________ around counted too much to be ___________ so the population size is _____________ instead estimated one species in a _________ small • The number of organisms of _______ section is counted and this value is used to estimate the population of the _________ area larger Wildcats Share Suppose you spent several months observing a population of field mice that live in a pasture. You would likely observe changes in the size of the population. • What do you think would cause changes in the size of a population? • Do you think the number of pine trees in a mature forest would change more quickly, slowly, or at the same rate as the mouse population in the field? Interactions Among Living Organisms Population density individuals • ___________ ________- the number of _____________ in a population that occupy a definite area space • When more individuals live in a given amount of _________, dense the population is more _________ Interactions Among Living Organisms spacing • Another characteristic of populations is ___________, or how the organisms are ____________ in a given area arranged evenly spaced, randomly spaces, or • Organisms can be _________ ___________ together clumped consistent • If organisms have a fairly ____________ distance between them they are _________ spaced evenly Interactions Among Living Organisms random • In __________ spacing, each organism’s location is independent of the locations of other ____________ organisms in the population plants • Random spacing of __________ usually results when wind or birds ___________ the seeds disperse resources Clumped • ___________ spacing occurs when ____________ such as food or living space are clumped groups • Clumping results when animals gather in _________ or plants grow ________ each other in groups near Interactions Among Living Organisms cannot • Populations __________ continue to grow larger forever ecosystems • All _____________ have a limited amount of food, _________, living space, mates, nesting sites, and other water resources Limiting________factor abiotic • _________ any biotic or __________ factor that individuals limits the number of _____________ in a population • A limiting factor also can affect other populations in the community ____________ indirectly Interactions Among Living Organisms drought • Example: A __________ might reduce the number of seedproducing plants in a forest clearing. Fewer plants means that ________ can become a limiting factor deer and birds food that eat the plants or seeds. Food also could become a animals that feed on the birds limiting factor for __________ struggle Competition • ______________ is the ___________ among organisms to obtain the same resources needed to survive and reproduce density • As population __________ increases, so does competition among individuals for the resources of the environment Interactions Among Living Organisms increases • If a population ____________ year after year, at some point, nesting food, ___________ space, or other resources become so scarce that some individuals are not able to __________ or survive reproduce • When this happens, the environment has reached its largest __________ _________, which is the __________ number of Carrying capacity individuals of a species that an environment can ___________ and maintain for a long period of time support Interactions Among Living Organisms bigger • If a population is __________ than the carrying capacity of the environment, some individuals are left without adequate ___________ resources die or be forced to ________ move • These individuals will ______ elsewhere Interactions Among Living Organisms maximum • The ____________ rate at which population increases when weather plenty of food and water are available, the ___________ is ideal, and no ___________ or enemies exist is its _________ diseases biotic potential never • Most populations _________ reach their biotic potential, or if they do so for only a ________ short period of time environment • Eventually the carrying capacity of the ______________ is reached and the population stops _____________ increasing Interactions Among Living Organisms close • In ecosystems many species of organisms have ________ necessary relationships that are ____________ for their survival Symbiosis close • _____________is any ________ interaction between two or more different species relationships type • Symbiotic ______________ can be identified by the _______ of interaction between organisms Mutualism • _____________ is a symbiotic relationship in which two cooperate different species of organisms ____________ and both benefit Interactions Among Living Organisms Commensalism • ________________ is a form of symbiosis that benefits one organism without affecting the other organism _______ Parasitism • ____________ is a symbiotic relationship between two benefits species in which one species ___________ and the other harmed species is __________ Interactions Among Living Organisms regulated is by • One way that population size is ___________ ____________, which is the act of one organism hunting, predation feeding killing, and __________ on another organism biotic • Predators are _________ factors that limit the size of the _______ prey populations limit the size • Availability of prey is a biotic factor that can _______ of the predator population Interactions Among Living Organisms ill • Because predators are more likely to capture old, ______, or young strongest _________ prey, the ____________ individuals in the prey population are the ones that manage to reproduce • This ___________ the prey population over several improves generations Interactions Among Living Organisms particular • In a community, every species plays a ____________ role live • Each also has a particular place to _______ Niche job • _________the role, or _______, of an organism in the ecosystem eats • What a species ________, how it gets its food, and how it ___________ with other organisms are all parts of its niche interacts Habitat lives • ___________the place where an organism _______ Matter and Energy Life on Earth is not simply a collection of _____________ independent • ______ organisms • Even organisms that seem to spend most of their time their ________ species alone interact with other members of ________ and members of other species different • Most of the interactions among members of ___________ feeds species occur when one organisms _________ on another Matter and Energy energy • Food contains nutrients and _________ needed for survival food for another organism, some • When one organism is _______ food of the _________ in the first organism (_______) is energy transferred to the second organism Producers • ____________ are organisms that take in and use energy produce food sun or some other source to __________ from the ______ Consumers • _____________ are organisms that take in energy when they _______ consumers feed on producers or other _____________ Matter and Energy die • When organisms ______, other organisms called decomposers break down _______________ take in energy as they ________ the remains of organisms Food chain model • _______ _______- a __________, a simple what of showing how energy, in the from of food, passes from one organism to another ___________ drawing • When ___________ a food chain, arrows between organisms transfer indicate the ____________ of energy ___________ direction Matter and Energy • Example: Aquatic plants → insects → bluegill → bass → humans three or _______ four links • Food chains usually have only ________ available decreases because the ___________ energy ____________ from one link to the next transfer of energy, a portion of energy is ______ lost • At each __________ heat due to the activities of the organism as _______ last link is only a small • The amount of energy left for the ______ portion of the energy in the first link _________ Matter and Energy chains are too _________ simple • Food ________ to describe the many ecosystem interactions among organisms in an ____________ • _______ ______- a series of _____________ food chains Food web overlapping that exist in an ecosystem complete model of the way • A food web provides a more ___________ moves energy _________ through the ecosystem Matter and Energy accurate • They also are more ___________ models because food webs more show how many organisms are part of ________ than one food _______ chain in an ecosystem aquatic food Humans • __________ are a part of many land and _________ webs Matter and Energy biosphere comes form the • Most of the energy in the ___________ sun ______ transform producers • ____________take in and ___________ only a small part of the energy that reaches the Earth’s _________ surface herbivore • When an ____________ eats a plant, some of the energy in the plant passes to the herbivore carnivore eats a • Same thing happens when and ___________ herbivore Matter and Energy Ecological _________ pyramid number • An _________ models the ___________ or organisms at each level of the food chain bottom of an ecological pyramid represents the • The _________ producers of an ecosystem levels represent successive • The rest of the ________ consumers _____________ Matter and Energy Energy pyramid available • An _________ ________ compares the energy ___________ at each level of the food ________ chain in an ecosystem usually • Like food chains, energy pyramids __________ have three or four levels _______ ten energy • Only about _______ percent of the __________ at each level of the pyramid is available to the next level top • By the time the _______ level is reached, the amount of energy available is __________ greatly reduced Matter and Energy renewed by • The energy available as food is constantly __________ plants using sunlight matter created • The __________ and energy on Earth is never __________ or destroyed, it is __________ recycled Water_______ cycle • The ________ involves the process of water evaporating, condensing, and ______________ precipitating
