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World History Name_________________________________ THE ROMAN EMPIRE III. End of the Republic & Rise of the Empire A. Julius Caesar 1. In 60 BCE a military leader named ____________________________ joined forces with Crassus, wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general. 2. In 59 BCE Caesar was elected Consul. For the next 10 years these men dominated Rome as a ________________________, a group of three rulers. 3. Caesar was a strong leader and a ____________________ genius. After serving the traditional one year as consul he appointed himself _____________________ of Gaul (now France). 4. Pompey, who had become Caesar’s rival, feared Caesar’s ambition so he convinced the senate to order Caesar to ________________ his army and return home. 5. Caesar marched with his army toward Rome and Pompey _______________. Caesar’s troops defeated Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain and Egypt. 6. Julius Caesar took advantage of the chaos in Rome & was named ____________________________ in 46 BCE by the senate. 7. He initiated a series of ___________________________ . He offered Roman citizenship to conquered people, created new jobs through building projects, started colonies where people without land could own property, and he increased pay for soldiers. 8. Many Senators __________________ Caesar’s ___________________________ & power as dictator of Rome. 9. Several senators led by _______________________ and _________________________________, plotted his assassination. 5. In 44 B.C., Senators _______________________________________ Julius Caesar. 6. The assassination led to another _________________ led by Caesar’s adopted nephew __________________________________ & his best general, _______________________. 7. Caesar’s death changed Rome: People no longer ______________________ the Senate to rule Rome & the Roman Republic came to an end & the empire began IV. The Second Triumvirate 1. Three of Caesar’s supporter’s ______________________________ to crush the assassins. They were Caesar’s 18 year old grandnephew/adopted son Octavian, experienced general Mark Antony, and powerful politicianLepidus. 2. They formed the ______________________________________________________ & ruled Rome for 10 years. 3. The Second Triumvirate ended in jealousy and violence. Octavian forced ____________________ to retire. Mark Antony & Octavian then become rivals. 4. Octavian defeated the combined forces of ____________________ and ______________________ at the naval battle of Actium in 41 BCE. Later Cleopatra and Antony ________________________________________. V. The Roman Empire A. Augustus & the Beginning of the Roman Empire 1. Octavian emerged as the unchallenged ___________________ of Rome, was given the title _______________________________ (“Exalted One”), & became Rome’s first ___________________________ 2. Under Augustus, Rome was ruled as an empire; the _______________ still met but the emperor had all the real ______________. 3. The bad Emperors were ________________________________, _____________________, ____________________________. The good Emperors were _________________, _______________________, _________________________, _________________________________, and __________________________________. B. The Pax Romana 1. Augustus’ 41 year reign marked the beginning of a 207-year era of _____________, _______________, & expansion known as the __________________________________________ (“the Roman Peace”) from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. 2. During the Pax Romana, the empire expanded to its _______________________ & brought great wealth to Rome 3. The Pax Romana became the “__________________________________” of Rome as emperors like Augustus built ____________ & a ______________-based bureaucracy to rule the empire. 4. Roads connected the Roman Empire to far-flung places such as _________________ and _________________________________. 5. Roman _____________________________ brought water to cities. 6. Roman architects used new styles like _________________ & concrete to beautify cities. 7. __________________________ was the most important industry in the Roman Empire; ________ of people in the empire farmed. 8. The denarius, a ________________________, was used throughout the empire which made _____________________ easier. C. Roman Way of Life 1. There was a large _______________ between the rich and the poor, and classes had __________________ in common. 2. The rich spent large amounts of money on ____________________, ________________________, _______________________, and ____________________________. 3. The poor (most people) barely had the _____________________. The _________________________ supported these people with daily rations of grain (food). 4. To ______________________ and ___________________ the masses Emperors built arenas, like the ____________________, & used chariot races, gladiator events, & theater to entertain the poor. 5. Sometimes strong healthy male slaves became ___________________________, and could earn their freedom. 6. ____________________ was a significant part of Roman life, and was important to the economy. 7. Slaves made up _______________________ of the population. Slaves tried to rebel but their revolts were unsuccessful. C. Conclusions: Rome expanded from a city, to a republic, to an empire 1. The era of the Roman _________________________ introduced representative democracy 2. The era of the Roman _________________________ sparked the Pax Romana & the “golden age” of Roman innovation & culture