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Transcript
Biology - Chapter 14 - Evolution: A History and a Process Darwin developed a theorj of evolution Ideas from Darwin’s Time Terms: adaptation acquired characteristics evolution descent with modification natural selection The Voyage of the Beagle Darwin’s Observations Ideas from Geology Darwin’s Theory Darwin’s Two Main Points Descent with modification Natural Selection 1. species 2. variation 3. adaptation 4. evolution 5. population 6. fitness 7. mutations 8. survival of the fittest 9. allele frequency 10. acquired characteristics 11. biosphere 12. gene pool 13. speciation 14. artificial selection 15. natural selection 16. Lamarck’s theory 17. Darwin’s theory 18. gradualism 19. Malthus 20. Lamarck 21. LyeI1 22. Darwin 23. Wallace 24. evidence of evolution 25. fossils 26. comparative anatomy (including homologous structures 27. vestigial structm’es 28. comparative biochemistry Lamarck-1809 influenced Darwin 1. Organisms constantly strive to improve themselves 2. Most used body structures develop Unused structures waste away (The Use/Disuse Theory) 3. The inheritance of acquired characteristics ¯ once a structure is modified by use/disuse ® the modification is inherited by the organism’s offspring DispIooved Darwin -1859 - wrote the Origin of Species Natural Selection 1. There is variation within a population 2. Some variations are favorable 3. Not all young produced in each generation can survive 4. Individuals that survive and reproduce are the individuals with the favorable variations G~neraIIy accepted Lyell - Geologist The Earth is very old Malthus - Economist - There are only so many resources and when they are used up times change. Variation and Adaptation During sexual reproduction alleles recombine causing variation Ways alleles recombine 1. Independent assortment of chromosomes 2. Crossing over during meiosis 3. Combination of genes from egg and sperm during fertilization Artificial selection - breeders selecting for a specific trait Inbreeding - breeding very closely related organisms to select for a trait Outbreeding- breeding distantly related organisms to increase variety. Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium Darwins idea Gould - 1972 "populations remain genetically stable for long periods of time, interrupted by brief periods of rapid genetic change" caused by: ® sudden changes in the environment ® increased mutation rate Divergent Evolution- isolated populations of a species evolve independently Examples - polar bears and brown bears Convergent evolution- Occurs when natural selection has produced similar adaptations in response to similar environments. Examples - Placentals and Marsuipalsconvergent evolution Google Search