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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW FOR
THE UNIT A EXAM
Everything
in
these review slides
is on the test!!
YOUR EXAM INCLUDES:

50 multiple choice

2 short answer
ADAPTED EXAMS

34 multiple choice
WHAT YOU SHOULD REVIEW
Definition
of biotic and
abiotic, and examples of both.
ABIOTIC:
Non-living components of an ecosystem
 Air, water, rocks, soil, etc.

BIOTIC:
Living components of an ecosystem
 Plants, animals, insects, etc.

KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DIVERSITY AMONG AND BETWEEN SPECIES.
Diversity
within ecosystems:
difference between a population
and community.
POPULATION

All the members of the same species living in an
ecosystem.
COMMUNITY

All the members of all the different species living
in an ecosystem.
DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES

Genetic diversity is variation (difference)
within a species.
INCLUDES CHARACTERISTICS
Hair Colour
 Eye Colour
 Fur Colour
 Blood Type
 Height
 Weight

SUCH AS:
CLASSIFYING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY


The system of classifying organisms named after
Carolus Linnaeus, is ordered (arranged) from
general classification to the very specific.
For example, organisms in the same kingdom are
less similar than organisms in the same family.
KNOW THE ORDER OF CLASSIFICATION:


Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species.
Mnemonic: King Philip Cut Open Five Green
Snakes… or whatever works for you!
SPECIFIC SPECIES ARE CLASSIFIED…

According to how similar they are in
_______________?
Structure!!!!!!!!
 In
previous systems, organisms in the
same environment were classified
together, even if their appearance was
very different.
 Know
where the richest and most
diverse collections of species can be
found.


Where? Hint… Consider things like temp/amount
of resources, etc.
Reread page 15 in text if you are not sure.
KNOW THE 3 TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
Symbiosis
is a type of
interdependence between
organisms (page 16/17 or in
notes)

Commensalism? Examples & definition?

Mutualism? Examples & definition?

Parasitism? Examples & definition?
DEFINITION OF A NICHE…
An organism’s role in the
ecosystem.
What does a niche include? Check notes or text.
 Understand what a niche is.

VARIATION WITHIN A SPECIES
Can
be positive or negative…
can help or hurt a species’
adaptation to a change in the
environment.
THINK OF/COMPARE:
A SPECIES IS MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE…
When
there is (more
or less) variation?
MORE!!!!!

Greater variation helps species survive changes
to the environment/ecosystem.
SOME CHANGES…

Can be too great to survive, even if there is great
genetic diversity.
INHERITED TRAITS OR CHARACTERISTICS


Are traits and/or characteristics that are passed
from generation to generation.
Review the difference between discrete and
continuous variation.
Which one is either/or
 Which one describes a “range” of characteristics
or traits?

DISCRETE VARIATION
 Either/or
variation
Your eyes are either blue, or they are not.
 Your blood type is either o+, or it’s not.
 Etc.

Your ear lobes are either attached, or they are
not.
 You are either double jointed, or you are not.

CONTINUOUS VARIATION
 Characteristic
or trait exhibits a
wide range of forms.
ALL OF THESE TRAITS CAN BE INHERITED:
Discrete
 Continuous
 Dominant
 Recessive


Traits can also be affected by the environment,
like a plant grown in a dark room will not be as
big as one grown in sunlight (cannot be inherited)
and traits can be acquired during your lifetime,
like the ability to play the piano or to play soccer.
(Acquired traits cannot be inherited).
Asexual
reproduction: Exact
genetic copy of the one parent;
quicker, uses less energy.
Sexual
reproduction: A mix of
genetics (DNA) from both of the
two parents; results in greater
diversity and requires more
energy.
REVIEW THESE IN TEXT OR IN NOTES
Binary Fission: one-celled organism (bacteria &
some amoebas and algae)
 Budding: animals such as a hydra & yeast
 Spore Production: many fungi, green algae &
some molds, non-flowering plants such as ferns.
 Vegetative Reproduction: cuttings, runners,
tubers, bulbs, suckers.


These are all examples of ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION!
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, KNOW THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN…



Zygote: cell created by joining of 2 gametes
Embryos: multicellular life form that results
after continued cell division (after cleavage).
Gametes: male (sperm) and female (egg/ova)
specialized sex cells.
UNTIL THE LATE


1600S
And the invention of the microscope, scientists
hypothesized that the human child was the
product of only the male parent.
They thought that the human sperm held a fully
formed tiny fetus that grew in size for 9 months
until it was large enough to be born,
IN PLANTS: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROSSPOLLINATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION
Cross-pollination:
when the
pollen of one plant is carried
to the stigma of another by
wind, water, or animals.
CROSS-FERTILIZATION:
 When
a grain of this pollen produces
a long tube that eventually grows
down the style into the ovary that
contains the ovules; a gamete in the
pollen grains and a gamete in the
ovule join and, as in animals, a
zygote is formed. This is when one
plant fertilizes another plant.
KNOW WHAT THE SEX CELLS OF FLOWERS
ARE CALLED…
 Pollen
contains the male gametes of
a plant. Pollen is found on the
stamen, or male part, of the plant.
Ovules contain the female gametes
of a plant. Ovules are found in the
pistil, or female part of the plant.
YOU WILL BE ASKED FOR EXAMPLES OF…
Plants
and animals that
can reproduce both
sexually and asexually.

Pages 35 & 36 of your text if you forget.
YOU WILL NEED TO KNOW (3.0 IN TEXT)

What is the genetic code? The arrangement of
the 4 chemical letters into “words” or
instructions… how traits/characteristics are
passed along between parents and offspring.

What does the “double helix” mean?

Know what A, T, G & C are short for.
DOUBLE HELIX
adenine
(A) and guanine (G)
cytosine
(C) and thymine (T)
KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN…
 Genes:
single, uninterrupted segments of
DNA which contain coded instructions;
located on chromosomes.
CHROMOSOMES:

DNA that has been arranged into packages.
Contains A LOT of information.
ALLELES:
Possible forms of genes; most genes in most species
exist in an array (many) of possible forms that differ
as to their exact DNA sequence.
 E.g. Alleles for eye colour

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS WILL BE ON THE
EXAM
Page
text.
46 & Chart page 47 in
MITOSIS
 In
multicellular organisms, such as
humans, petunias, and gophers, the
process that produces two new cells
with the same number of
chromosomes is called mitosis.
MITOSIS
Occurs
in the body cells of
multicellular organisms and is
responsible for the growth and
cellular repair of a multicellular
organism.
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS

Is a type of cell division that produces cells with
only half the DNA of a normal cell.
Because
each gamete has only
half the DNA of a normal cell,
when the male and female
gametes unite, the zygote has a
complete set of DNA
MEIOSIS INVOLVES TWO CELL DIVISIONS,
NOT JUST ONE.
COMPARE!! KNOW THE DIFFERENCES!
HYBRID VS PUREBRED



A breeder who wishes to produce white cats
should choose purebred parents: cats whose
ancestors have produces only white offspring for
several generations.
Same thing if they wanted to produce only black
cats.
Hybrids (carry the allele for white or black coats,
even if they look exactly like a purebred cat);
remember our discussion of dominant and
recessive traits; page 50/51 in text.
REDUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BY
HUMAN ACTIVITY:

Includes:
Urbanization
 Agriculture
 Forestry

WOODLAND CARIBOU
 Currently
at risk of being extirpated
from the boreal forests of northern
Alberta because of habitat
degradation resulting from logging,
forest fires, and increased
interspecies competition.
 Know
the difference between
extinction & extirpation, page 58
text , or in your notes.
BIOTECHNOLOGY- ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
OF DESIRED TRAITS
Review and know the difference between:
 Cloning
 Artificial Insemination
 In Vitro Fertilization
 Genetic Engineering


In your text pages 66-68, or in your notes online.
BE AWARE OF RISKS OF CLONING AND
GENETIC ENGINEERING



Cattle cloners have reported lots of examples of
unsuccessful pregnancies, birth defects, and
deaths among clones.
Some scientists believe that removing the
nucleus from the donor egg may be responsible.
Dolly the cloned sheep has developed arthritis,
for example, and scientists don’t know why.
REMEMBER HOW WE TALKED ABOUT HOW
GENETICALLY ENGINEERING FOOD…



Can have both negative and positive
consequences.
The chick whose breast has been so enlarged it
can’t stand.
Swiss scientists have genetically engineered a
strain (type) of rice that contains Vitamin Ausually rice does not contain Vitamin A… Called
“golden rice”, but some people are concerned it
might open the door to more genetically modified
food.
HOW DO HUMANS AFFECT BIODIVERSITY?
Know
these strategies to
preserve important
habitats/conserve biological
diversity: In-situ
conservation, Ex-situ
conservation, national parks,
and wild animal farms and
shelters.
STRATEGIES TO CONSERVE BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY INCLUDE:
Protected Areas (e.g. National Parks)
 Restoration of Ecosystems and Species (Working
to bring them back to the way they once were
before land was polluted or used for other
purposes/restoring populations)
 Resource use Policies (Federal and Provincial
Governments have laws to protect endangered
species)
 Controlling the Spread of Exotic Species
(Bringing species into a new environment can
have disastrous consequences for the native
ecosystem.)

EXAMPLES OF NON NATIVE SPECIES
TAKING OVER AND ECOSYSTEM:

Purple Loosestrife (herbaceous wetland perennial
introduced into Canada from Europe in 1800s)
PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE:



Invades native wetland communities by
germinating and growing faster than any
wetland species.
Has no natural enemies (no bird, mammal or fish
feeds on it or uses it for shelter).
Reduces the size and diversity of natural plant
communities and has been designated as a
noxious (harmful) weed by Alberta.
PURGE THE SPURGE:


In 1992, Friends of Fish Creek, a non-profit
organization, formed to assist in the protection
and preservation of Fish Creek Park in Calgary.
Every July volunteers gather to hand pull leafy
spurge, a non-native noxious weed which
threatens to take over the park and destroy
wildlife habitat.
SPECIES AT RISK:
Identification
of species at risk
in Canada is made by the
Committee on the Status of
Endangered Wildlife of Canada
(COSEWIC)
IN-SITU CONSERVATION


Maintenance of wild organisms in their
functioning ecosystems allowing the ecological
processes of an area to continue undisturbed.
Can be areas protected by
government/government programs, with help
from charities (The Nature Conservancy of
Canada, Ducks Unlimitted), not-for profit
organizations, volunteers, private land owners.
EXAMPLES: BANFF & JASPER NATIONAL
PARKS
EX-SITU CONSERVATION
Conservation of components of biological
diversity outside of a natural habitat.
 E.g. A zoo or collection of genetic materials

ARTIFICIAL VS NATURAL SELECTION
 In
one the environment (nature)
selects for successful
traits/characteristics that help
organisms survive in their
ecosystem (Natural Selection- slow
process), and in the other humans
select the characteristics breeders
want passed on (Artificial Selectionhumans can speed up the process
through the use of technology).
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Remember… genetic engineering has allowed
scientists to directly alter the DNA of an
organism.
 Many genetic engineering techniques involve
inserting a gene from one species into another.


Scientists can insert disease resistant genes, or
even genes for nutrition, such as inserting
vitamin A into certain rice strains.
SPECIES AT RISK


The Endangered Species Conservation
Committee (ESCC) was created by the federal
government under the Wildlife Act of 1998 to
study and determine species at risk in Alberta.
What are groups/organizations that try and affect
policy outside of governments called? NGO’s.
Non-Government Organizations.
READ OVER YOUR PRINTED REVIEW
PACKAGE
Review
specific examples used in
class, like the cliff sparrow and
how they relate to natural
selection (page 24 in text, or in
PowerPoint notes online). Cliff
sparrow question is on your test!
REMEMBER PICK THE BEST ANSWER
WHEN 2 ANSWERS SEEM RIGHT.



Remember… Variations caused by the
environment ARE NOT heritable. They are not
passed on to offspring.
Think of the plant grown in dim light example.
An offspring would only be similar to a its parent
grown in dim light if the offspring was grown in
dim light too.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: THESE ARE
THEM!


In a short paragraph, summarize how variety
among species and within species contributes to a
species survival and increases biological diversity
on Earth (5 marks).
As a society, how should we make decisions about
the uses of technology such as genetic
engineering and cloning? (3 marks)