Download C2.1 Notes - Destiny High School

Mr. B: Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 2 Lesson 1 Notes
Today’s Objectives
1. Name and explain the functions of several major organic molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and water.
2. Describe amino acids and give examples of types, structures, and functions.
3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of glycogen and glycerides with regard to energy storage.
4. Know the differences between the structures of DNA and RNA.
5. Explain the importance of ATP.
6. Describe polarity and pH balance.
Lesson 2.1: Molecules of Life
Molecules of Life
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_____________________, proteins, _________________________, nucleic acids, and water
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates are __________________________ or ___________________________ molecules
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Simple carbohydrates – made of just ______________ or ______________ simple sugars.
______________________ – the main form of sugar that circulates in the _____________________.
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Complex carbohydrates – simple sugars joined together to form long _____________________.
_________________________ – a polymer of glucose and is found in animals.
Starch is a ______________________________ of simple sugars and is found in plants.
Proteins
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chains of amino acids which are linked by __________________________ bonds
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Structure
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________________ structure - protein structure is determined by the ______________________of amino acids that it contains.
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____________________ Structure – folding within the ______________________ chains
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____________________ – 3rd level of folding
Functions
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Structural elements
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__________________________ – gives ________________________ to tendons and ligaments
_________________________ – a molecule that participates in a chemical reaction.
Lipids
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Lipids are _____________________ and ____________________
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Rich in ________________________ and ___________________________
Typically a ratio of _____________ hydrogen atoms for every _________________ atom.
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Lipids do not ______________________ well in ________________________ or blood.
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Fatty Acids
A ________________________ chain with a carboxylic acid group (COOH) at one end.
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Glycerides
Composed of a ________________________ molecule (simple sugar), with one, two, or three fatty acids.
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Phospholipids
The head of the phospholipid is ____________________ - having a tendency to mix with or ___________________in water.
The fatty acid tails are ___________________________ – afraid of water.
Nucleic Acids
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Key _____________________________ - carrying molecules in cells
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chains of ____________________________
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2 Kinds of nucleic acids
Mr. B: Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 2 Lesson 1 Notes
_______________
base pairs
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______________________ RNA, transfer RNA, _______________________ RNA
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The subunits that make up nucleic acids are called _____________________.
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Each nucleotide is made up of a _______________________ group, a sugar group, and a nitrogenous base.
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DNA
Composed of two-nucleotide chains coil around each other to form a ____________________ helix.
Each base can join with only _____________ other base to form a rung: A – T and C – G,
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Chromosomes
Every human cell has ____________ chromosomes  ______________ from each parent.
_________ pairs of similar chromosomes plus one X and one Y chromosome in ____________ or 2 X chromosomes in females
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RNA
Like DNA, RNA is a ______________________ of nucleotides
Has bases of adenosine, guanine, cytosine, Uracil
Several forms of RNA
messenger RNA
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Functions as an _______________________ carrier in the manufacture of proteins
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Assists in the _________________________ of proteins
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Form ________________________
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
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ATP
Adenosine triphosphate also known as ATP
ATP is the ______________________ source used in many cellular processes.
Water
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Water is a ____________________ molecule – this means that it has a negatively charged region and positively charged regions
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Hydrogen Bonding
The polarity of water molecules allows them to form hydrogen bonds with one another or with other charged or polar molecules.
Relatively ________________________ chemical bonds.
High heat __________________________.
Relatively high ___________________________ point.
Excellent __________________________ properties.
Hydrogen bonds give water the ability to absorb or release a great deal of energy without much of a change in temperature.
Takes a lot of energy to ___________________________ water.
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Water is a Solvent
A solvent is usually a _______________________, and dissolves a solute.
pH
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_________________________ – a substance when added to water, increases its hydrogen ion concentration.
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_________________________ – A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution – increases its alkalinity.