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Genetic Engineering Notes Name _______________________________________________ Genetic Engineering Biotechnology refers to technology used to _________DNA. The procedures are often referred to_______ __ _____________. ________ is the genetic material of all living organisms. All organisms use the _________ genetic code. _____________ ________________: organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA refers to the _____________ from the two different sources. Process Cut Cleave Splice 1. Isolate the foreign DNA fragment to be inserted • DNA is cut into small pieces using restriction enzymes. • Restriction enzymes were discovered in ______________. Bacteria use them as a defense mechanism to cut up the DNA of viruses or other bacteria Hundreds of different _________________ have been isolated Each restriction enzyme or RE cuts DNA at a specific_______ _________. For example, EcoRI always cuts DNA at GAATTC as indicated below The sequence GAATTC appear three time in the below strand of DNA, so it is cut into four pieces. Fragments of DNA that has been cut with restriction enzymes have unpaired nucleotides at the ends called________ _________. Sticky ends have complimentary bases, so they _____________ _______________. 2. Joining of DNA with a vehicle (vector) to transport it • _____________________: carries foreign DNA into host cell; can be mechanical or biological • ________________ _____________: pipette or gene gun • Biological vector: plasmid or ______________ • Plasmids & viruses are the most commonly used vectors • A plasmid is small ring of DNA in a bacteria. • A vector must be capable of self-replicating inside a cell. 3. Transfer of DNA into a suitable host. When the host reproduces, it will reproduce the desired protein or enzyme. What we can do with genes? Gene therapy Replacing a defective gene with the normal gene Gene splicing Rejoining cut fragments of DNA Gene cloning Creating genetically IDENTICAL copies Applications of Genetic Engineering Agriculture • Strawberry plants resistant to frost • Round up ready ______________ • Bovine growth hormone – increase milk production in cow by 10% • Goats - produce milk containing high levels of a human protein that dissolves blood clots • B.T. cotton – BT bacteria make a toxin against insects – _________ ______ • Glowing tobacco plant Industry • Degrade oil in oil spills • Bacteria extract minerals from ores Medicine • Human Growth hormone • Interferon – treat cancer • Human insulin • Phenylalanine (PKU) • Used to map the human genome • Recombinant DNA techniques are used in DNA fingerprinting • Gene therapy can be used to help cure a genetic disease by replacing the defective one. Safety and Ethical Issues __________ ___________________may be accidentally produced Organisms that are intended to be released in the environment may be engineered with genes that will eventually kill them. There is _______ __________________on the use of genetic screening and information produced by screening The technology is increasing the ability to diagnose genetic diseases pre-natally, adding new complexity to the abortion controversy. Ethical questions have been raised over whether we should modify the _______________________ _____ _____________________. Genetic screening and gene therapy are __________ and may be unavailable to the poor. ___________ _____________could be created using biotechnology.