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MINERALS MAJOR AND TRACE MINERALS MINERALS FUNCTIONS • • • • • • • • Components of enzymes biochemical reactions Bone, connective tissue formation Blood formation, function Metabolism of energy nutrients Growth, reproduction Nerve, muscle function Membrane transport Regulate body fluid balance PROPERTIES • Inorganic – no carbon • Carry positive or negative charge • May function together calcium + phosphorus + fluoride = bone • May act as individual elements • Macro minerals essential in amounts larger than 5 grams MINERALS IN BODY CALCIUM CHARACTERISTICS • • • • • • • Most abundant mineral in body 99% in the bone Gives structure “Bank” or reserve 1% in body fluids Ionized calcium Tightly controlled CALCIUM CONTROL • If blood calcium increases bone • If blood calcium decreases GI absorption increases Bone increases release Kidneys decrease excretion • Regulated by hormones and vitamin D: Parathyroid and thyroid glands Parathormone increases blood calcium Calcitonin inhibits calcium release from bone BLOOD CALCIUM TOO HIGH BLOOD CALCIUM TOO LOW FUNCTIONS • • • • • • • 99% in bone and teeth Contraction, relaxation of muscles Blood clotting Transmission of nerve impulses Secretion of hormones Activation of enzymes Blood pressure FUNCTION ABNORMALITIES • High blood calcium levels calcium rigor • Low blood calcium levels calcium tetany • Abnormalities not dietary causes CALCIUM ABSORPTION • Increased need growth, lactation, pregnancy Adults absorb ~30% Pregnant women ~50% Infants, children ~60% Growth hormone Calcium binding protein (CBP) in intestine increased calcium absorption • Acid environment • Lactose – milk and milk products • Vitamin D BIOAVAILABILITY CALCIUM SOURCES COMPARISON ABSORPTION Decreased by: • Phytic acid oatmeal whole grains • Oxalic acid rhubarb spinach • Factors increasing excretion: excessive protein intake excessive phosphate (PO4) intake RECOMMENDATIONS • Daily intake needed • Adequate intakes established Varies according to age Same for adult male and female No increase for pregnancy or lactation • Tolerable upper intake limit established DEFICIENCY • Less than peak bone mass • Osteoporosis in adults • Rickets in children – bone malformation BONE MASS BONE MASS COMPARED OSTEOPOROSIS SPINE WITH OSTEOPOROSIS RISK FACTORS RICKETS SUPPLEMENTS • • • • Calcium carbonate 40% (TUMS) Calcium lactate 13% Calcium gluconate 9% Avoid bone meal, dolomite: Contaminated with heavy metals – unsafe • Aluminum and magnesium may increase calcium loss • Test for absorbability: 6 oz of vinegar, stir occasionally 75% dissolved in ½ hour PHOSPHORUS CHARACTERISTIC • 2ND Most abundant mineral in body FUNCTIONS • Bones and teeth – 85% of mineral • • • • • Calcium + phosphorus hydroxyapatite Buffer – phosphoric acid Growth – DNA, RNA Energy metabolism activating enzymes and B vitamins part of ATP, ADP, AMP Major part of some lipids - phospholipids Transport of nutrients in and out of cells RECOMMENDATIONS • RDA – varies according to age and gender • Food sources: all animal flesh foods, processed foods, milk, milk products, soft drinks DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS • Deficiency is rare – bone demineralization May result from high antacid intake Preemies on human milk • Excess – may increase calcium excretion ELECTROLYTES SODIUM, CHLORIDE, AND POTASSIUM SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE • • • • Electrolytes to regulate fluids Sodium (Na+) – major + ion: extracellular Potassium (K+) – major + ion: intracellular Chloride (Cl-) – major – ion: extracellular SODIUM FUNCTIONS • Electrolyte – fluid balance • Nerve impulse transmission • Muscle contraction RECOMMENDATIONS • Adequate Intake • Minimum – 500mg (Commission on Dietary • • • • Allowances) Upper Level – 2300 mg 1 tsp salt = 2000 mg Na ~40% Moderation: Diet and Health Guidelines: 6gm salt = 2400 mg Na Average intake: Sodium = 4-6 gm/day Salt = 10-12 gm/day SODIUM SOURCES DEFICIENCY • Not usually a problem – abundant sources in food, • • • • • • • • freely absorbed Vomiting, diarrhea Kidney disease Extremely heavy sweating Blood loss, extensive burns Restricted intake of protein, salt Hyponatremia = fatigue, confusion, dizziness Extreme cases coma Only replace water water intoxication EXCESS • Na levels regulated by kidneys – immediate symptoms – edema and hypertension • May contribute to but not cause hypertension (HTN) • Genetic predisposition to HTN • “Water follows salt” Increase Na intake increase blood volume increased pressure on vascular system (Increased blood pressure) CONTROL HTN • • • • • Salt sensitive Decrease sodium intake Decrease weight when appropriate Medication when necessary Use salt substitute (KCl) only on advice of MD CHLORIDE CHARACTERISTICS • Ionic form of chlorine (poisonous) • Chlorine is added to public water to kill dangerous micro-organisms • Chloride is NOT poisonous – is required FUNCTIONS • Chief anion in ECF regulates fluid balance • Part of HCl acts on protein to begin digestion • Maintaining acid-base balance RECOMMENDATIONS • • • • Adequate Intake Upper Level 3600 mg Minimum requirement – 750 mg/day Sources – abundant in diet processed foods table salt (NaCl) DEFICIENCY • In sodium depleting conditions • As a result of human error Infant formulas Tube feedings • Used in sweat test for cystic fibrosis Increase Cl in sweat means positive tests for cystic fibrosis POTASSIUM FUNCTIONS • • • • • Main cation ICF for fluid balance Facilitates reactions Supports cell integrity Nerve impulses Contraction of muscles (**Heart) RECOMMENDATIONS • Adequate Intake – no upper level • Food sources – fresh foods K+ in every cell fruits, vegetables, legumes SOURCES DEFICIENCY • Muscle weakness 6% loss heart failure • Can occur with low fruit and vegetable intake • Abnormal conditions (hypokalemia) Use of certain drugs: diuretics laxatives steroids DKA Diabetic ketoacidosis Dehydration Diarrhea Prolonged vomiting EXCESS • Supplementation – not food • Megadoses from pills cause: muscle paralysis abnormal heart rhythms – can stop heart • Injections MAGNESIUM FUNCTIONS • • • • • • Significant cation in intracellular fluid Essential to metabolism of CHO and PRO Bone mineralization Protein synthesis Energy metabolism-essential partner in ATP Muscle contraction, nerve transmission (antagonistic to Ca) • Prevents blood clotting (works against Ca) • Teeth maintenance (works with Ca) RECOMMENDATIONS • RDA for males and females • Food sources All protein containing foods Legumes, nuts, seeds, spinach, whole grain breads, brown rice, seafood, chocolate, cocoa Food processing decreases Mg content significantly • Stored in muscle • Reservoir in liver and bone DEFICIENCIES • Mild – seen in those with: protein malnutrition alcohol abuse renal, endocrine disorders vomiting, diarrhea use of diuretics • Severe neurological/nervous system convulsions tetany seizurescoma heart failure TOXICITY • From oral supplements • When kidney function is impaired – excretion is regulated by kidneys TRACE MINERALS CHARACTERISTICS • Micro nutrient elements • Essential in amounts less than 5 grams • All trace minerals would hardly fill a teaspoon • Trace refers to amount - NOT importance IRON FUNCTIONS • • • • Hemoglobin – carries O2 Myoglobin – O2 reserve in muscle cell Energy metabolism – release of energy Involved in making of amino acids, collagen, hormones, and neurotransmitters IRON ROUTES IRON SOURCES • Breakdown of hemoglobin – recycled • Body stores – mucosal cells ferritin hemosiderin • Food sources – GI tract Muscle meats meat, fish, poultry (heme) Heme sources better absorbed ~23% MFP factor enhances absorption of non-heme sources Non-heme sources – 2-20% absorption Egg yolks, enriched cereals or grains, vegetables, fruits SOURCES POOR SOURCES • Milk and milk products – not good Fe sources • Iron skillets – contamination • Supplements – absorption lower than food sources • Ferrous sulfate and iron chelate absorbed the best IRON ABSORPTION • Body carefully regulates poor exit route • Buildup in body • Increase absorption Vitamin C – especially non-heme MFP factor Stomach acid • Decrease absorption Fiber and wheat bran Antacids Tannic acid (tea, coffee, nuts) IRON DEFICIENCY • Anemia – measure blood hemoglobin and transferrin • 3 stages: Fe depletion Fe erythropoiesis Fe deficiency anemia • Population affected: Women of child bearing age Children (milk anemia) Low income • Symptom - pica Anemia corrected in 2-3 months 6-12 months to replete stores Pregnant women Hemorrhage ANEMIAS EXCESS • • • • • Body controls carefully controls Rare super enrichment Damage to intestine leads to Fe overload Hereditary defect hemochromatosis Increased deposits damage to GI tissue and liver RECOMMENDATIONS • Women –15 mg Diet provides 6 mg/1000 kcal Needs unmet even at 12 mg/2000 kcal Must choose foods carefully May need a supplement • Men – 10 mg ZINC FUNCTIONS • Supports work of proteins • • • • • • • Numerous enzymes in metabolic process RNA, DNA synthesis growth Active form of vitamin A in retina for normal vision Retinol binding protein for transport of Vitamin A Taste perception – salt Wound healing Sexual development Fetal development Blood clotting Hormones – insulin and thyroid hormone DEFICIENCY • • • • • • Growth retardation Impaired immune response Vitamin A deficiency symptoms General malnutrition symptoms NOT widespread in developed countries Population: Pregnant women Young children Elderly Poor EXCESS • Toxic vomiting, diarrhea, exhaustion, death • Lowers body’s copper retention degeneration of the heart muscle • Increases cholesterol and lipids atherosclerosis • Lowers HDLs and increases LDLs • Galvanized containers with high acid foods toxic doses of zinc TOXICITY RECOMMENDATIONS • RDA established • Infants and children higher • Food sources: High protein foods – meats, poultry, liver Whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables • Absorption: High fiber and phytates decreased absorption High copper diet decreased absorption • Supplements not recommended except for deficiency • Zinc as a cold remedy experimental SOURCES IODIDE IODIDE FUNCTIONS • Component of thyroid gland hormones • Hormones regulate: BMR Body temperature Growth Blood cell production Nerve and muscle function DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS Deficiency • Goiter thyroid gland • Cretinism – retardation of mental and physical growth Excess: • Enlarged thyroid – increases blood flow to get rid of excess RECOMMENDATION • RDA – small amount needed micrograms • Food sources Seafood, iodized salt Plants grown on iodide rich sources FLUORIDE FUNCTIONS • Strengthens tooth structure • Makes teeth resistant to caries • Bone formation – may help prevent osteoporosis Deficiency • Increase in dental caries DEFICIENCY • Increase in dental caries EXCESS • Fluorosis • 8 times amount neededsevere mottling of teeth, discoloration • Mottling – 4 times amount needed • GI distress EXCESS RECOMMENDATION • Adequate intake • Sources: fluoridated water (1ppm); fish, tea FLUORIDE PERCENTS SELENIUM FUNCTIONS • Antioxidant – cofactor for enzyme glutathione peroxidase • Works with enzyme to convert thyroid hormone to active form necessary for iodide metabolism DEFICIENCY • Heart disease – Keshan disease – cardiac myopathy • Kashin – Beck – osteoarthritis • Population affected: TPN patients Aids and PKU low protein diets low selenium intake Fish with high mercury content decrease bioavailability of selenium TOXICITY • Self – supplementation • High doses digestive system disorders RECOMMENDATIONS • • • • RDA established – micrograms Higher for pregnant and lactating Gender differences Food sources – organ meats, fish, grains CHROMIUM FUNCTIONS • Maintain glucose homeostasis Associated with insulin Part of glucose tolerance factor • Participates in CHO and lipid metabolism Deficiency • Diabetes-like condition • TPN patients CHARACTERISTICS • Chromium picolinate is the best absorbed form • We absorb ½ of usual intake • Deficiencies are difficult to produce CHROMIUM Toxicity • None as a nutritional disorder • After 6 years of 600 micrograms/day Recommendations –none Food sources – liver, unrefined foods, nuts, whole grains, cheese, Brewer’s yeast, vegetable oils CLAIMS • Chromium builds muscles, enhances energy Sensitive measures of LBM show NO significant increase in lean or muscle strength-done on males in weight training • Chromium enhances weight loss Not supported by research. Loss with products containing chromium picolinate AND high fiber AND low calorie diet AND exercise • Chromium retards aging by 25 years Rat study comparing other forms of chromium CLAIMS • Chromium improves glucose tolerance in diabetes mellitus May improve glucose tolerance and decrease dose of insulin or oral agent