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The Rock Cycle • How do surface processes contribute to the rock cycle? • How is the rock cycle related to plate tectonics? The Rock Cycle • rock cycle • extrusive rock • intrusive rock • uplift • deposition What is the rock cycle? • rock cycle: y series of p processes that continually change one rock type into another is called the • As materials move through the rock cycle they can take the form of cycle, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, or p rocks. metamorphic What is the rock cycle? (cont.) (cont ) • At times,, the material might g not be rock at all but instead, sediment, magma, or lava. • Some processes in the rock cycle take place on Earth’s Earth s surface, surface and others take place deep beneath Earth’s surface. What is the rock cycle? (cont.) (cont ) Interactive Rock Cycle y Interactives . The Rock Cycle . The Rock Cycle Processes of the Rock Cycle • The formation of minerals or rocks are key processes of the rock cycle. Recall that igneous g rock forms from molten rock that is on or below earth’s surface • extrusive igneous rock: when lava erupts and cools and crystallizes on Earth’s surface • intrusive igneous rock: when magma cools and crystallizes inside Earth Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.) (cont ) • Uplift p : the p process that moves large amounts of rock up to Earth’s surface and to higher elevations • Uplift is driven by the movement of tectonic plates and is related to the p building of mountains • At earth’s surface, rock is subject to the environment. • Rock is weathered by wind wind, rain rain, glaciers glaciers, and the activities of some organisms (or g things); g ); these p processes break down living exposed rock into sediment • Sediment is moved by erosion erosion. • Erosion: process by which glaciers, rain, and wind carry sediment to low-lying places called basins • Deposition: p the p process of laying y g down sediment in a new location • Over time time, deposition causes layers of sediment to form, one on top of the other. Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.) (cont ) How are surface processes involved in the rock cycle? Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.) (cont ) • Compaction: the weight of upper layers of sediment on lower layers of sediment pushes the grains of the bottom layers closer together • Pores: tinyy spaces p between the g grains of sedimentary rocks • When there is water containing dissolved minerals in the pores between sediment, the minerals can crystallize, which helps cement the grains together in sedimentary rock • Rocks subjected to high temperatures and pressure undergo a change known as metamorphism. metamorphism • With high enough temps, the metamorphic rock k can meltlt and db become magma. • When the magma cools and solidifies, igneous rock forms and another turn of the y begins. g rock cycle Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.) (cont ) • The theoryy of plate p tectonics states that Earth’s surface is broken into rigid plates. • These plates move as a result of Earth’s internal thermal energy and convection of the mantle. • Th The th theory explains l i th the movementt off continents, as well as earthquakes and volcanoes. volcanoes • Volcanoes form near plate boundaries, giving rise to igneous rock; this kind of plates move apart. p rock also forms where p • Rocks near colliding plates are often exposed to high pressure pressure, which causes them to undergo metamorphism. • When plates collide, one plate can get pushed deep below earth’s surface, where the rock melts and becomes magma; in time it is likely to become igneous rock • Colliding gp plates can p push rock to earth’s surface; such rock is subject to erosion, which breaks the rock into sediment. These pieces off rock can eventually form f sedimentary rock. Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.) (cont ) • Processes within Earth that move tectonic plates also drive the rock cycle. • As long as these processes exist, exist the rock cycle will continue. Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.) (cont ) How is the rock cycle y related to plate tectonics? • Weathering and erosion are important processes in the rock cycle. • Uplift contributes to rock cycle processes on Earth’s surface. • Plate tectonic activity contributes to rock cycle processes beneath b hE Earth’s h’ surface. f What type yp of rock forms when lava erupts and cools and crystallizes on Earth’s surface? A. intrusive rock B extrusive B. t i rock k C. metamorphic p rock D. none of these What p process moves large g amounts of rock up to Earth’s surface and to higher elevations? A. uplift B deposition B. C. crystallization D. compaction During g what process p does the weight g of overlying layers of sediment push the grains of the bottom layers closer together? A. uplift B. deposition C. compaction D. none of the above Do you agree or disagree? 5 All rock types are related through the 5. rock cycle. 6 Rocks move at a slow and constant 6. rate through the rock cycle. Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice How are minerals and rocks formed, identified, classified, and used? ? Lesson 1: Minerals • Minerals form when solids crystallize from molten material or from solutions. • Properties such as color, streak, hardness, and cleavage are used to identify minerals. Unique properties such as magnetism, magnetism reaction to acid acid, and fluorescence can also be used to identify certain minerals. • Minerals are used to make everyday products such as toothpaste and makeup. Metals are used in cars and buildings. g Gemstones are valued for their beauty. Lesson 2: Rocks • Rocks are classified based on their texture and composition. p • Igneous rocks form when magma or lava solidifies. Sedimentary rocks from when sediments are lithified Metamorphic rocks form when parent rocks lithified. are changed by thermal energy, pressure, or hot fluids. • Rocks are used in construction, abrasives, and art. Lesson 3: The Rock Cycle • Surface processes break down existing rocks into sediment. Theyy transport p this sediment to locations where it undergoes deposition and can be recycled to make more rocks. • Thermal energy is released at plate boundaries. This thermal energy provides the energy needed for making igneous and metamorphic rocks. It also drives the f forces that th t expose rocks k to t processes occurring on Earth’s surface.