Download Processes of the Rock Cycle

The Rock Cycle
• How do surface processes contribute
to the rock cycle?
• How is the rock cycle related to plate
tectonics?
The Rock Cycle
• rock cycle
• extrusive rock
• intrusive rock
• uplift
• deposition
What is the rock cycle?
• rock cycle:
y
series of p
processes that
continually change one rock type into
another is called the
• As materials move through the rock
cycle they can take the form of
cycle,
igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, or
p
rocks.
metamorphic
What is the rock cycle? (cont.)
(cont )
• At times,, the material might
g not be rock
at all but instead, sediment, magma, or
lava.
• Some processes in the rock cycle take
place on Earth’s
Earth s surface,
surface and others
take place deep beneath Earth’s
surface.
What is the rock cycle? (cont.)
(cont )
Interactive Rock Cycle
y
Interactives . The Rock Cycle . The Rock
Cycle
Processes of the Rock Cycle
• The formation of minerals or rocks are key
processes of the rock cycle.
Recall that igneous
g
rock forms from molten
rock that is on or below earth’s surface
• extrusive igneous rock: when lava erupts
and cools and crystallizes on Earth’s surface
• intrusive igneous rock: when magma
cools and crystallizes inside Earth
Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)
(cont )
• Uplift
p : the p
process that
moves large amounts of
rock up to Earth’s surface
and to higher elevations
• Uplift is driven by the
movement of tectonic
plates and is related to the
p
building of mountains
• At earth’s surface, rock is subject to the
environment.
• Rock is weathered by wind
wind, rain
rain, glaciers
glaciers,
and the activities of some organisms (or
g things);
g ); these p
processes break down
living
exposed rock into sediment
• Sediment is moved by erosion
erosion.
• Erosion: process by which glaciers, rain,
and wind carry sediment to low-lying
places called basins
• Deposition:
p
the p
process of laying
y g down
sediment in a new location
• Over time
time, deposition causes layers of
sediment to form, one on top of the other.
Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)
(cont )
How are surface processes
involved in the rock cycle?
Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)
(cont )
• Compaction: the weight of upper layers
of sediment on lower layers of sediment
pushes the grains of the bottom layers
closer together
• Pores: tinyy spaces
p
between the g
grains of
sedimentary rocks
• When there is water containing dissolved
minerals in the pores between sediment,
the minerals can crystallize, which helps
cement the grains together in sedimentary
rock
• Rocks subjected to high temperatures and
pressure undergo a change known as
metamorphism.
metamorphism
• With high enough temps, the metamorphic
rock
k can meltlt and
db
become magma.
• When the magma cools and solidifies,
igneous rock forms and another turn of the
y
begins.
g
rock cycle
Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)
(cont )
• The theoryy of plate
p
tectonics states that
Earth’s surface is broken into rigid
plates.
• These plates move as a result of Earth’s
internal thermal energy and convection
of the mantle.
• Th
The th
theory explains
l i th
the movementt off
continents, as well as earthquakes and
volcanoes.
volcanoes
• Volcanoes form near plate boundaries,
giving rise to igneous rock; this kind of
plates move apart.
p
rock also forms where p
• Rocks near colliding plates are often
exposed to high pressure
pressure, which causes
them to undergo metamorphism.
• When plates collide, one plate can get
pushed deep below earth’s surface, where
the rock melts and becomes magma; in
time it is likely to become igneous rock
• Colliding
gp
plates can p
push rock to earth’s
surface; such rock is subject to erosion,
which breaks the rock into sediment.
These pieces off rock can eventually form
f
sedimentary rock.
Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)
(cont )
• Processes within Earth that move
tectonic plates also drive the rock cycle.
• As long as these processes exist,
exist the
rock cycle will continue.
Processes of the Rock Cycle (cont.)
(cont )
How is the rock cycle
y
related
to plate tectonics?
• Weathering and erosion are
important processes in the rock
cycle.
• Uplift contributes to rock
cycle processes on
Earth’s surface.
• Plate tectonic activity
contributes to rock cycle
processes beneath
b
hE
Earth’s
h’ surface.
f
What type
yp of rock forms when
lava erupts and cools and
crystallizes on Earth’s surface?
A. intrusive rock
B extrusive
B.
t i rock
k
C. metamorphic
p
rock
D. none of these
What p
process moves large
g
amounts of rock up to Earth’s
surface and to higher elevations?
A. uplift
B deposition
B.
C. crystallization
D. compaction
During
g what process
p
does the weight
g
of overlying layers of sediment push
the grains of the bottom layers closer
together?
A. uplift
B. deposition
C. compaction
D. none of the above
Do you agree or disagree?
5 All rock types are related through the
5.
rock cycle.
6 Rocks move at a slow and constant
6.
rate through the rock cycle.
Key Concept Summary
Interactive Concept Map
Chapter Review
Standardized Test Practice
How are minerals and
rocks formed,
identified, classified,
and used?
?
Lesson 1: Minerals
• Minerals form when solids crystallize from molten
material or from solutions.
• Properties such as color, streak, hardness, and
cleavage are used to identify minerals. Unique
properties such as magnetism,
magnetism reaction to acid
acid, and
fluorescence can also be used to identify certain
minerals.
• Minerals are used to make everyday products such
as toothpaste and makeup. Metals are used in cars
and buildings.
g Gemstones are valued for their
beauty.
Lesson 2: Rocks
• Rocks are classified based on their texture and
composition.
p
• Igneous rocks form when magma or lava solidifies.
Sedimentary rocks from when sediments are
lithified Metamorphic rocks form when parent rocks
lithified.
are changed by thermal energy, pressure, or hot
fluids.
• Rocks are used in construction, abrasives, and art.
Lesson 3: The Rock Cycle
• Surface processes break down existing rocks into
sediment. Theyy transport
p this sediment to locations
where it undergoes deposition and can be recycled
to make more rocks.
• Thermal energy is released
at plate boundaries. This
thermal energy provides the
energy needed for making
igneous and metamorphic
rocks. It also drives the
f
forces
that
th t expose rocks
k to
t
processes occurring on
Earth’s surface.