Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Transcription – DNA making RNA Translation – RNA making Protein; (aka protein synthesis) Archibald Garrod (1909) – determined that genes dictate phenotype through enzymes His ideas stem from his observations of an inherited disease – Alkaptonuria where affected individuals have a defective enzyme that does not break down two amino acids as aresult the produce Alkapton which makes their urine to turn black George Beadle and Edward Tatum (1940’s) – American geneticists working with bread mold (Neuraspora crassa) Strains of nutritional mutants helped them prove that specific enzymes were need to at specific steps in metabolic pathways “One Gene/One Enzyme” DNA making RNA Takes place in the nucleus One main enzyme – RNA Polymerase RNA is transcribed in a 5’ to 3’ direction Only ONE strand of DNA is transcribed at a time Initiation – DNA separates and ONE strand serves as a template for the RNA; RNA polymerase binds to the promotor region of DNA Elongation -RNA elongates as complementary RNA nucleotides match up with DNA nucleotides are added in a 5’ to 3’ direction; U is substituted for T As RNA polymerase moves forward, RNA releases from DNA; and DNA rewinds Termination – RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence & releases the DNA and RNA; DNA rewinds; RNA is ready for the next step Promoter – specific nucleotide sequence in DNA, located @ the start of a gene; binding site for RNA polymerase; where transcription begins Transcription region – segment of DNA that is made into RNA; the gene Terminator – sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals Sense Strand – the strand of DNA that is transcribed into DNA Nonsense Strand – the strand of DNA this in not transcribed Universal – shared by all organisms; the set of rules giving the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) and amino acids in proteins Codes for Amino acids – › Building blocks of a proteins › 20 different amino acids › Coded for by groups of three nucleotide bases - codons Codons – groups of three consecutive nucletides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or a polypeptide termination signal › AUG – start codon; indicates the starting point for translation; also codes for methionine › Stop codons – don’t code for an amino acid instead it signals the end of translation