Download Osteology

Osteology(2)
Department of Anatomy
Luzhou medical college
Edited by professor Xiao
Review the contents of the last lesson
1. The suppose axes of the human body are?
2. The sections or planes of the human body on
the basis of the axis?
3. Which types of the development of the
bone?(membranous and cartilaginous ossification)
4.The characteristics of the long bone?
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(Epiphyses ,Epiphysial cartilage,Epiphysial lines,Articular
surface)
5. Which bone exists the red marrow in life?
6. The periosteum (Endosteum) are two layers (outer
is
the fibrous and inner the membrenous )(Osteoblast,Osteoclast)
The Bones of Trunk
 The vertebrae
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In the child, 33
The general features
Vertebral body
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral canal
Pedicles and laminae of
vertebral arch
Intervertebral foramen
Processes :
Spinous
Transverse
articular
Vertebral body
Superior costal
fossa
Spinous process
The thoracic vertebra
The main characteristics of vertebrae in each region
1.Thoracic vertebrae: costal facets on each side of their body
2. The cervical vertebrae: transverse foramen.
Atlas: Anterior arch and posterior arch and a lateral mass.
Fovea dentis, groove for vertebral artery.
Axis: dens or odontoid process
Vertebra prominens: nonbifid spine is long and easily felt.
3. Lumbar vertebrae: The spines are strong, square and
horizontal
4. sacrum: It is made up of five fused vertebrae and roughly
triangular. There are three surfaces
Promontory of sacrum, anterior and posterior foramina, lateral
masses, ala, median sacral crest, intermediate and lateral crests
Dorsal sacral
foramina,
sacral canal,
sacral hiatus,
sacral cornu or
horns,
auricular
surface,
sacral
tuberosity.
5. coccyx: It is
made up of
four, more or
less,
coccygeal
vertebrae
T
h
e
The
sternum
Flat bone
Internal
plate
External
plate
diploe
RIBS
 Two parts: costal bone
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costal cartilage
General features of the costal bone
Costal bone: one body, two extremities, two
surfaces and two borders
Head(articular facet of head, articular facet
of costal tubercle, neck,shaft and tubercle.
Costal groove
Angle of rib
First and second ribs
Thoracic
cage
The
composition
True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs
Intercostal
space
The bones of the limbs
 The appendicular skeleton includes the
bones of upper limbs and those of the lower
limbs. The bones of the upper and lower
limbs are constructed after a common type,
but the different functions for which they
have become adapted in man, because of
the erect standing in human being, have led
to structural differences of a very definite
kind.
 The upper limbs are released from weight
bearing and become the organs of labour
with greater and delicated mobility, so, the
bones of upper limbs are lighter and smaller
in shape and size. The bones of lower limbs
are very heavy and strong so as bear the
weight of the body and to provide movement
of the whole body. Each limb has a girdle,
which connects it to the trunk, and three
segments. In the upper limb, these are the
shoulder girdle, the upper arm, the forearm
and the hand. In the lower limb, those are
the pelvic girdle, the thigh, the leg and the
foot.
The bones of upper limb
 The shoulder
 Girdle
 The clavicle
 Lies almost
horizontally on
each side of
the neck,
extending from
the sternum to
the acromion
of the scapula
Scapula : anterior aspect view
Scapula : posterior aspect view
The bones
of the free
upper limb
Those include the
bone of the arm,
the bones of the
forearm and the
bones of hand (the
carpal bones,
metacarpal bones
and phalanges)
The bone of arm
The humerus
is the longest
and largest bone
of the upper limb.
It extends from
the scapula to
the elbow joint
and has a body
and two ends
The bones of forearm
The radius
The radius is the lateral bone of the two in the forearm. It
has a shaft and two ends.
The proximal end
A head, neck and tuberosity;
head is disc-shaped and its upper surface is a shallow
cup—articular fovea for articulation with the capitulum of
the humerus. Its articular circumference articulates with
radial notch of the ulna.
Shaft of radius: interosseous border
Distal end
Ulnar notch, styloid process, carpal articular surface
The bones of hand
 Three parts: the carpal bones, the
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metacarpal bones and phalanges
The carpal bones
There are eight short bones, arranged in two
rows of four
Proximal row from lateral to medial include :
Distal row from lateral to medial include:
The metacarpal bones
 Which are five in number, connect with the
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carpal bones above and the phalanges
below.
Base
Shaft
Distal head
The first metacarpal bones is short and stout;
its base is saddle shaped for articularion
with the trapezium
The phalanges
 They are long bones
 They are known as the proximal, middle and
the distal phlanx
 Base
 Head
 Distal end
The bones of lower limbs
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The lower limb which is similar to the
upper, is connected to the trunk by a girdle,
the pelvix girdle, the free lower limb is
divided into three segements, the thigh, the
leg and the foot.
The pelvic girdle
is formed by a
hip bone on each
side.
They articulate
posteriorly with
the sacrum and
meet below and
in front at the
pubic symphysis
Bony pelvis =the
pelvis girdle
Sacrum
coccyx
Hip bone
Hip bone
Femur
Bones of foot