Download Chapter 3 Pronouns

Chapter 3
Pronouns
Mr. Bush
What is a Pronoun?
• Pronoun- word that is used in place of a
_______ or another pronoun.
– A pronoun can refer to person, place, thing, or
idea.
– The word that a pronoun refers to is called its
_______ .
– Ex. Ramon visited Death Valley, and he was
impressed.
• ‘he’ is referring to ‘Ramon’
• Ramon is the antecedent
Personal Pronouns
• Pronouns such as we, I, he, them, and it are
called personal pronouns.
– Personal pronouns have a variety of forms to
indicate different persons, numbers, and _______
.
– Person and Number: There are first person,
second person, and third person personal
pronouns, each having both _______ and plural
forms.
Person and Number
Singular
Plural
I went out.
We left early.
You left too.
You are leaving.
He came by bus.
They came by car.
Personal Pronouns
• _______ - each personal pronoun has three
cases: subject, object and possessive.
– Which form to use depends on the pronoun’s
_______ in a sentence.
– Subject: He read about Death Valley.
– Object: Julie asked him about the rocks.
– _______ : Ramon brought his book.
Personal Pronouns
Subject
Object
Possessive
Singular
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
I
you
he, she, it
Me
You
Him, her, it
My, mine
Your, yours
His, her, hers, its
Plural
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
We
You
They
Us
You
Them
Our, ours
Your, yours
Their, theirs
1-5’s
Write the personal pronouns in each sentence
1. Death Valley is famous for its strange moving
boulders.
2. They are found in a dry lake bed called Racetrack
Playa.
3. The rocks slide on their own, leaving long tracks
behind them.
4. Can you think of an explanation for this curious
event?
5. Investigators offer two major theories for us to
consider.
• Objective- to understand subject pronouns
and how they are used.
• What you need to know-pronouns can be
used as subjects of the sentence
Subject Pronouns
• _______ Pronoun- is used as a subject in a
sentence or as a predicate pronoun after a
_______ verb
Singular
Plural
I
We
You
You
He, she, it
they
Subject Pronouns
• Pronouns as Subjects
– Use a subject pronoun when the pronoun is a
_______ or part of a _______ subject.
– Ex. The Hope diamond has a fascinating history. It
has been bad luck for many owners. You and he
think the diamond is cursed.
• ‘It’, referring to ‘The Hope diamond’, is the subject of
the sentence.
Subject Pronouns
• _______ Pronouns
– A _______ pronoun follows a linking verb and
identifies the verb’s subject. Use the subject case
for predicate pronouns.
• The owner was he.
• ‘he’ being the predicate noun, identifies the subject
and ‘owner’ is the subject
Subject Pronouns
• The buyers are you and she.
– ‘you and she’ are the predicate pronouns
identifying the subject ‘buyers’
– Remember common linking verbs: be, is, am, are,
was, were, been, has been, have been, can be, will
be, could be, and should be
Practice and Apply
Write the correct pronoun form to complete each sentence
1. The diamond detectives were Carla and (I, me).
2. According to legend the huge blue diamond has
had many owners, and (they, them) all came to a
bad end.
3. (He, him) is said to have been killed in India by
wild dogs.
4. His son and (he, him) died tragically soon
afterward.
5. “Hope diamond experts” are (us, we)!
• Review
– Subject pronouns
– Predicate pronouns
– Singular/Plural
• Objective-to know and understand how object
pronouns are used
• What you need to know- how to determine
which pronoun to use with the object of the
sentence
Object Pronouns
• _______ Pronouns
– An _______ pronoun is used as direct object, an
indirect object, or an object of a preposition.
Singular
Plural
Me
Us
You
You
Him, her, it
them
Object Pronouns
• _______ Object
– The pronoun receives the action of a verb and
answers the question _______ or what.
• Ex. The mysterious death of King Tut fascinates me.
• ‘fascinates’ is the verb, ‘death’ is our subject and ‘me’ is
our direct object
Object Pronouns
• _______ Objects
– The pronoun tells to whom or what or for whom
or what an action is performed.
– Ex. Chuck lent me a video on the topic.
• ‘lent’ is our verb, ‘Chuck’ is our subject, ‘video’ is our
direct object and ‘me’ is out indirect object.
Object Pronouns
• Object of a _______
– The pronoun follows a preposition (such as to,
from, for, against, by, or about)
– Ex. I can tell the story to you and him.
– ‘tell’ is our verb, ‘I’ is our subject, ‘story’ is our
direct object, ‘to you and him’ is our preposition
and ‘you’ and ‘him’ is our object of the
preposition
Practice and Apply
choose the pronoun and identify them as subject or object
1. King Tutankhamen was only about nine years old
when the priests crowned (he, him) as the new
pharaoh.
2. (He, Him) and his wife were not in power long before
the young pharaoh died.
3. (I, Me) saw a video showing x-ray pictures of Tut’s
skull.
4. (They, Them) revealed that someone had struck Tut
on the back of the head.
5. It occurred to (I, me) that only someone the king
knew could get so close to (he, him)
Possessive Pronouns
• A _______ pronoun is a personal pronoun
used to show ownership or relationship.
Singular
Plural
My, mine
Our, ours
Your, yours
Your, yours
Her, hers, his, its Their theirs
Possessive Pronouns
• The _______ pronouns my, your, her, his, its,
our, and their come before nouns.
• Ex. The Chinese museum kept its amazing
secret for years.
• ‘its’ is showing ownership to ‘secret’
• No one saw the mummies in their colorful
clothes.
• ‘their’ is showing ownership to ‘clothes’
Possessive Pronouns
• The _______ pronouns mine, yours, hers, his
ours and theirs can stand alone in a sentence.
• Ex. The secret was theirs. Now the secret is
ours.
Practice and Apply
Choose the pronoun or contraction to complete each sentence.
1. Imagine (your, you’re) visiting museum in Urumqi, in
the desert of northwest China.
2. In one room, you find remarkable mummies in (their,
they’re) cases.
3. The leggings, shirts, and cloaks on the mummies look
as colorful as (your, you’re) clothes today.
4. This experience really happened to Professor Mair
and his tour group on (their, they’re) trip to China in
1987.
5. The mummies are about 3,000 years old and (they’re,
their) European, not Chinese!
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
• A pronoun that ends in self or selves is either a
_______ or an _______ pronoun.
Myself
Yourself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Herself,
himself, itself
themselves
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
• _______ pronouns- a reflexive pronoun refers
to the subject and directs the action of the
verb back to the subject.
– Reflexive pronouns are necessary to the meaning
of a sentence.
– Ex. Houdini called himself a master escape artist.
– Ex. Lynne dedicated herself to learning Houdini’s
secrets.
– If you remove the reflexive pronoun the sentence
doesn’t make sense.
Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
• _______ Pronoun- an intensive pronoun
emphasizes a noun or another pronoun in the
same sentence.
– Intensive pronouns are not necessary to the
meaning of a sentence.
– Ex. You yourself have seen magic shows on TV.
– Ex. I myself like to perform magic tricks.
– If you remove the intensive pronoun the sentence
still makes sense.
Practice and Apply
Write the reflexive or intensive pronoun in each sentence. Then label it
reflexive or intensive.
1. During the 1920’s, Harry Houdini labeled himself
“the most daring escape artist in the world.”
2. His name itself makes people think of magic.
3. In one famous trick, Houdini freed himself from
a tank that was filled to the top with water and
securely locked.
4. He also called himself “the handcuff king” and
said no handcuffs in the world could hold him.
5. The police officers themselves were amazed at
Houdini.
Interrogatives and Demonstratives
• _______ Pronouns- an interrogative pronoun
is used to introduce a question.
– Ex. Who made up this riddle?
– Which riddle are you talking about?
Interrogatives and Demonstratives
Interrogative Pronoun
Use
Who, whom
Refers to people
What
Refers to things
Which
Refers to people or
things
Indicates ownership or
relationship
Whose
Interrogatives and Demonstratives
• Using Who and Whom
• Who is always used as a _______ or a
_______ pronoun.
– Ex. Subject: Who knows the answer to the riddle?
– Ex. Predicate: Your favorite comedian is who?
Interrogatives and Demonstratives
• Using Who and Whom
• Whom is always used as an _______ .
– Ex. Direct Object: Whom did you tell?
– Ex. Indirect Object: You gave whom the answer?
– Ex. Object of the Preposition: To whom did you
give my name?
– I.E. Don’t confuse whose with who’s. Whose is a
pronoun. Who’s is a contraction that means who is
or who has.
Demonstrative Pronouns
• _______ Pronoun- A demonstrative pronoun
points out a person, place, thing, or idea.
– The demonstrative pronouns-this, that, these, and
those-are used alone in a sentence.
Singular
Plural
This
These
That
Those
Pronoun Agreement
• Objective- To understand and write pronouns
that agree with their antecedents.
Pronoun Agreement
• The _______ is the noun or pronoun that a
pronoun replaces or refers to.
– The antecedent and the pronoun can be in the
same sentence or in different sentences.
• Ex. Louis writes his own detective stories.
• Ex. Agatha Christie writes mysteries. Her stories are
famous.
• Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in
number, person, and gender.
Pronoun Agreement
• Agreement in _______
• Use a singular pronoun to refer to a singular
antecedent.
– Ex. One story has its setting in Egypt.
• Use a _______ pronoun to refer to a plural
antecedent.
– Ex. The characters have their motives for murder.
Pronoun Agreement
• Agreement in _______
• The pronoun must agree in person with the
antecedent.
– Ex. Louis likes his mysteries to have surprise
endings.
– Ex. You want a story to grab your attention.
Pronoun Agreement
• Agreement in _______
• The gender of a pronoun must be the same as
the gender of its antecedent.
– Ex. Agatha Christie sets many of her stories in
England.
– Ex. The hero has to use all his wits to solve the
crime.
Practice and Apply
Write the pronouns and their antecedents in the these sentences
.
1. Agatha Christie loved real-life mysteries of the past.
She helped to investigate them in the Middle East.
2. Max Mallowan was an English Archaeologist. He was
married to Christie for 45 years.
3. The couple went on many archaeological trips and
found them exciting and a real source of inspiration.
4. The story takes place at an archaeological dig. One of
its main characters is Dr. Leidner.
5. When Mrs. Leidner is murdered, the detective
Hercule Poirot must catch her killer.
Indefinite-Pronoun Agreement
• Objective: To recognize and use indefinite
pronouns in writing
Indefinite-Pronoun Agreement
• Here’s the Idea
• An _______ pronoun does not refer to a
specific person, place, thing, or idea.
– Indefinite pronouns often do not have
antecedents.
– Ex. Something unusual is going on in Loch Ness.
– Ex. Has anyone photographed the Loch Ness
monster?
Indefinite-Pronoun Agreement
• Some _______ pronouns are always singular,
some are always _______ , and some can be
either singular or plural.
Singular
Another
Anybody
Anyone
Anything
Each
Either
Somebody
Everybody
Everyone
Something
Neither
Nobody
No one
Nothing
One
Someone
Plural
Singular or Plural
Both
few
many
several
All
Any
Most
None
Some
Indefinite-Pronoun Agreement
• Use a _______ _______ pronoun to refer to a
singular indefinite pronoun.
– Ex. Everyone took his or her camera to the lake.
– (Everyone could be masculine or feminine)
– Ex. One dropped his camera in the water by
mistake.
Indefinite-Pronoun Agreement
• Plural _______ Pronouns
– Use a plural personal pronoun to refer to a plural
indefinite pronoun.
– Ex. Several reported their sightings of the monster.
– Ex. Many could not believe their own eyes!
Indefinite-Pronoun Agreement
• Singular or Plural _______ Pronouns
– Some indefinite pronouns can be singular or
plural.
• The phrase that follows the indefinite pronoun will
often tell you whether the pronoun is singular or plural.
Ex. Most of the monster story has its origin in
fantasy.
Most of the monster stories have their origins in
fantasy.
Why it matters
• Keep your facts and ideas clear. Make sure
that all pronouns agree in number with their
indefinite antecedents.
• Ex. Not everyone has made up their minds
about the existence of the Loch Ness monster.
A few have his or her own theory.
• Change: their minds = his or her mind, his or
her = their, and theory = theories
Practice and Apply
Choose the pronoun that agrees with indefinite pronoun antecedent.
1. All of the tourists want (his or her, their) own
monster stories to tell.
2. None of tourists have (his or her, their)
questions answered.
3. Many display (his or her, their) very blurry
photographs.
4. Each has presented (his or her, their) theory
about Nessie.
Pronoun Problems
• Objective: To identify pronoun problems and
avoid them in writing
Pronoun Problems
• We and Us with _______
– The pronoun we or us is sometimes followed by a
noun that identifies the pronoun (we students, us
students)
– Use we when the pronoun is a subject or a
predicate pronoun. Use us when the pronoun is
an object.
– Ex. We owners don’t always understand our pets.
– Ex. Dogs and cats often surprise us owners.
Pronoun Problems
• Choosing We or Us
• Dogs think of (us, we) humans as their leaders.
1. Drop the identifying noun from the sentence.
• Dogs think of (us, we) as their leaders.
2. Decide whether the sentence calls for a subject
pronoun or an object pronoun. This sentence calls for
the pronoun that is the object of the preposition of.
• Dogs think of us as their leaders.
3. Use the correct pronoun with the noun.
• Dogs think of us humans as their leaders.
Pronoun Problems
• Unclear Reference
• Be sure that each personal pronoun refers clearly
to only one person, place, or thing.
– If there is any chance your reader will be confused
about whom or what you are talking about, use a
noun instead of a pronoun.
– Confusing: Tony and Fred want to become
veterinarians. He now works at an animal shelter.
– Clear: Tony and Fred want to become veterinarians.
Fred now works at an animal shelter.
Practice and Apply
1. Cats baffle (us, we) owners by the things they
do.
2. They often rub themselves against (we, us)
humans.
3. My two cats, Pickles and Bert, do this.
Surprisingly, (he, Bert) does this even with
strangers.
4. However, (he, Pickles) hides when guests
arrives.