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Transcript
Plate Tectonics Key Words 1 Turn these key words into flash cards! Cut out each horizontal row, fold on the centerline, and tape together! aftershock A smaller earthquake that follows a more powerful earthquake. asthenosphere The layer in Earth’s upper mantle and directly under the lithosphere in which rock is soft and weak because it is close to melting. continental drift The hypothesis that Earth’s continents move on Earth’s surface. convection The transfer of energy by the motion of heated gas or liquid; in Earth’s mantle. convection current A circular pattern in which material is heated and rises in one area, then cools and sinks in another area. convergent boundary A boundary along with two tectonic plates push together. crust The thin outer layer of rock above the mantle, including all dry land and ocean basins. Plate Tectonics Key Words 2 divergent boundary A boundary along which two tectonic plates move apart. earthquake A shaking of the ground caused by the sudden movement of large blocks of rocks along a fault. epicenter The point of Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake. fault A fracture in Earth’s lithosphere along which blocks of rock move past each other. focus In an earthquake, the point underground where rocks first begin to move. geyser A type of hot spring that shoots water into the air. hot spot An area where a column of hot magma rises from deep within the mantle and heats the lithosphere above it, causing volcanic activity. inner core A solid sphere of metal, mainly nickel and iron, at Earth’s center. Plate Tectonics Key Words 3 landslide A rapid downhill movement of rock and soil. lava Molten rock that reaches a planet’s surface through a volcano. liquefaction A process in which the shaking of ground causes loose, wet soil to act as a liquid. lithosphere The layer of Earth made up of the crust and rigid rock of the upper mantle; broken into tectonic plates. magma Molten rock beneath Earth’s surface. mantle The layer of rock between Earth’s outer core and crust, in which rock is hot enough to flow in currents. mid-ocean ridge A long line of sea-floor mountains where new oceanic crust is formed along a divergent boundary. mudflow Landslides that occur when rocks and soil are mixed with water Plate Tectonics Key Words 4 outer core A layer of molten material, mainly nickel and iron, that surrounds Earth’s inner core. Pangaea A hypothetical supercontinent that included all of the landmasses on Earth around 250 million years ago. plate tectonics A theory stating that Earth’s lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. pyroclastic flow A dense cloud of superheated gases and rock fragments that moves quickly downhill from a volcano. rift valley A deep valley formed as tectonic plates move apart. seismic wave The vibrations caused by an earthquake. seismograph An instrument that records ground movements. subduction The process by which an oceanic plate sinks under another plate into Earth’s mantle. Plate Tectonics Key Words 5 tectonic plate One of the large, moving pieces of Earth’s lithosphere. Usually carries both oceanic and continental crust. transform boundary A boundary along which two tectonic plates scrape past each other, and crust is neither formed or destroyed. tsunami A water wave caused by an earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide. volcano An opening in the crust through which molten rock, rock fragments, and hot gases erupt.