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Bellwork • In the last lesson, what occurred to Charlemagne’s empire? What affect did this have on their government system? World History Middle Ages pt. 1 Middle Ages Europe Objectives • Compare the Middle Ages system of feudalism to the Japanese style of feudalism. • Describe the new social stratification system formed in Medieval Europe • Explain the role of Chivalry in everyday life of a knight • Examine the manor system and the purposes behind it. • Describe the extent of power by the church in medieval Europe. • Identify role the Church took in medieval Europe, such as handling certain laws. • Describe the relationship between the Holy Roman Empire and other authority figures. • Identify the region that made up the Holy Roman Empire Invasions • Between 800 and 1000, invasions completely destroyed the Carolingian Empire. – Muslims seized Sicily and raided Italy. – Magyar invaders struck from the east and terrorized Germany and Italy. – Vikings sailed from the north and terrorized all of Europe. Vikings • The Vikings hailed from Scandinavia, which was north of Eastern Europe. • They were Germanic peoples, who were often called Northmen or Norsemen, who worshipped warlike gods and took pride in nicknames like “Eric Bloodaxe” and “Thorfinn Skullsplitter”. Vikings • Vikings carried out raids extremely quickly before help could arrive. • They struck and then headed out to sea again and by the time troops arrived, they were usually gone. • Vikings ventured far beyond Europe and went into Russia, to Constantinople, and even across water into the North Atlantic. Vikings were not only warriors, but also traders, farmers, and explorers. Vikings • Around 1000, Viking terror faded away. • The Vikings gradually accepted Christianity and stopped raiding monasteries. • As well, a warming trend in Europe made farming easier in Scandinavia and this caused many Scandinavians to stop raiding other villages. Map of Viking Explorations Effects of Invasions • The invasions caused western Europeans to fear for their lives. • Central authority proved powerless to help them and they looked to local leaders– who had armies-- for protection. • These local leaders often had armies and those who could defend their lands attracted followers and gained strength. Question: How is this similar to the lords in Japan? Structured Society begins • In 911, Rollo, a Viking leader, had been plundering the lands of Charles the Simple, of France. • Charles gave Rollo a huge piece of French territory (present-day Normandy), and, in return, Rollo pledged his allegiance to Charles. • Between 850 and 950– during the worst years of attack– many leaders made similar agreements to that of Charles and Rollo. Question: What was Japanese feudalism based on the control or trade of? Structured Society • The system of governing and landholding called feudalism– the exchange of military protection and services for land- emerged in Europe. • The granted land was called a fief. • The giver of land was the lord and the person receiving this land is called a vassal. Feudalism depended on the control of land. Feudal Pyramid King $ Increases Lord Population Increases Nobles Knights Peasants Feudal System • Relationships between various lords and vassals were never clear cut and, in some cases, one noble might have several lords who gave them land. • In some cases, the feudal system was often a complex tangle of conflicting loyalties. Social Classes • In the feudal system, status was determined by prestige and power. • Medieval writers classified people into three groups: 1. Those who fought (nobles and knights) 2. Those who prayed (those of the Church) 3. Those who worked (peasants) • Social class was usually inherited. Social classes • In Europe during the Middle Ages, the vast majority of people were peasants, and others were serfs– people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born. • Though bound to the land, serfs were not slaves. – Lords could not buy or sell serfs, but all the wealth the lord had came from the serfs. Manor System • The manor was the lord’s estate and was the basic economic arrangement. • The lord provided the serfs with housing, strips of farmland, and protection from bandits. • In return, serfs tended the lords land, cared for his animals, and performed other tasks for the estate. Manor System • All peasants, whether free or serf, owed a lord certain duties. • These included a few days labor each week and a certain portion of their grain. • A manor usually covered only a few square miles of land and consisted of the lords manor house, a church and some workshops. • Fields, pastures, and forests surrounded the village and some streams ran through manors, providing fish, which was an important source of food. Manor System • The manor was largely a self-sufficient community. • The serfs and peasants produced nearly everything that they or their lord needed. • The only outside purchases were salt, iron, and a few unusual objects and millstones, which were used to grind flour. The Manor System Notice how almost everything the people would need is in a localized area. Rarely did people leave. Question: If the manor was largely self-sufficient, what do you think happened to trade in much of Europe? Manor Life • For the privilege of living on the lords land, peasants paid a high price. • They paid a tax on all grain ground in the lords mill and any attempt to dodge taxes was treated as a crime. • Peasants also could only get married with the lord’s consent and had to pay a tax on marriage. • After all these payments to the lord, peasant families owed the village priest a tithe, or church tax which represented one-tenth of their income. Feudal Life • Despite their hardships, serfs accepted their lot in life as part of the church’s teachings. Question: Why might serf’s have been so accepting of their position in life? • They, like most Christians at the time, believed that God determined their place in society. Women • The Church viewed women as inferior to men. • In contrast, however, the idea of romantic love placed noblewomen on a pedestal where they could be worshipped. • A true knight (as we will see in the next lesson) pledged to protect all women. Women • However, as feudalism developed, women’s status actually declined. • Their roles became increasingly limited to the home and convent. • For the vast majority of women, their lives remained unchanged for centuries. Break 1. What is feudalism? 2. Consider the times: why would feudalism have been better for people considering the amount of raids by nomadic peoples? Setting the stage • During the Middle Ages, nobles constantly fought one another. • Their feuding kept Europe fragmented and people valued violence. • By the 1100s, however, a code of behavior arose and high ideals guided warriors and glorified their roles. Soldiers • Mounted soldiers became valuable in combat during the reign of Charlemagne’s grandfather, Charles Martel. • Charles Martel had often observed the usefulness of cavalries in other armies, and began to organize his troops of armored horsemen, or knights. Technology • The leather saddle and stirrup reached Europe by the 700s AD. • With the use of this technology, knights became firmly placed on their horses. Role of the Knight • Lords rewarded knights, their most skilled warriors, with fiefs. • Wealth from the fiefs allowed knights to focus on war and pay for the cost of weapons, armor, and warhorses. • As the lords vassal, a knights main obligation was to serve in battle. Chivalry • Early in the Middle Ages, knights were expected to display courage and loyalty to their lord. • By the 1100s, the code of chivalry demanded that a knight fight bravely for three masters: 1. 2. 3. Feudal lord Heavenly lord Chosen Lady Chivalry • A chivalrous knight protected the weak and poor and the ideal knight was loyal, brave, and courteous. – Most knights did not meet these standards. They often treated the lower classes brutally. Question: How is chivalry similar to the code of honor that Samurai live by, bushido? Glory • Sons of nobles began to train for knighthood at a early age and learned the code of chivalry. • After being dubbed a knight, most young men traveled with companions and gained experience fighting in local wars. • Some knights took part in mock battles called tournaments which combined recreation with combat training. Warfare • By 1100s, stone castles were encircled by massive walls and guard towers. • These castles dominated much of the countryside in western Europe. • The castle was the home of the lord and lady, knights and other men-at-arms, and servants. – It was also a fortress, designed for defense. Warfare • A castle siege was a gory sight. • Attacking armies used a wide array of strategic weapons to force castle residents to surrender. • Defenders of a castle poured boiling water, hot oil, or molten lead on attackers. • Expert archers were stationed on the roof of the castle and could fire with deadly precision using crossbows. Literature of Chivalry • While the battles were gory, medieval literature downplayed the brutality of knighthood and feudal warfare. • Feudal lords and their ladies listened to epic poems that recounted the deeds and adventures of many heroic knights and legendary heroes such as King Arthur and Charlemagne. • In many poems, the hero’s difficulties resulted from a conflict between duty to his lady and lord. Authority • While medieval life centered around the great deeds of knights and heroic tales, behind the scenes lay the Church. • The Church, as we will see in the next part, controlled or influenced practically every aspect of medieval life. Quick Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What was “feudalism” and why might it have been beneficial to the Europeans at the time (consider why it might have been created). What two technologies allowed medieval Europeans to invest more in horseback warriors? How did they make horseback riding more efficient? How did knights practice their military skills? Who were a knights “three masters”? What five groups made up the pyramid of the feudal system? What did the vassal provide for the lord in return for land? Why did serfs– along with everyone else in society– accept their role in life? How is warfare for a knight different from the literature describing their lives? Break Take two minutes to breathe. The Church • While weak central governments took over in feudal Europe, the Church emerged as a powerful institution. • It shaped the lives of all people and united them together under a single belief system. • In crowning Charlemagne in 800 A.D., the Church sought to influence both spiritual and political matters. The Church • Like the feudal system, the Church established it’s own organization. • At the top of the Church was the Pope, then the bishops, and priests. – Bishops also settled disputes over Church teachings and religious practices. – For most people, however, it was their local priest who served as their main contact with the church. The Church • Feudalism and the manor system separated people from one another. • However, shared beliefs in the Church united people. • The Church gave Christians with a sense of security and a religious community. The Church • While the Church was important to early Christians, their everyday lives were still harsh. • However, regardless of their lives, all people followed the same path to “salvation”– everlasting life in heaven. • People were even able to enjoy certain holidays– Christmas and Easter– and become a part of their community through the Church. Church Justice • The scope of the Church’s authority was both religious and political. • The Church provided a unifying set of spiritual beliefs and rituals and even created a system of justice to guide people’s conduct. Church Justice • All medieval Christians– no matter their social class– were subject to canon law or the law of the church. • The Church also established courts to try people who were accused of violating canon law. – Two of the most serious punishments were excommunication and interdict. Church Justice • Excommunication was the banishment from the Church. • For example, if a king opposed the Pope, he could be excommunicated. • A king, in this instance, would fear their salvation and would lose power over their vassals. The Holy Roman Empire Keep in mind that the Empire is made up of many more territories. We’ll discuss more in a moment. The Holy Roman Empire • After the death of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire was the strongest kingdom that arose from the ruins of Charlemagne’s empire. • When Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800, he unknowingly set the stage for future conflicts between the pope and emperors. – As we will see, the rise of the Holy Roman Empire was filled with conflicts. The Holy Roman Empire • The most effective medieval ruler of Germany was Otto I or Otto the Great. • He was crowned king in 936 and copied the policies of Charlemagne. • For example, he created a strong alliance with the Church such as by supporting the bishops and abbots– leaders of monasteries. Otto was not directly related to Charlemagne’s grandchildren, but his family were power nobles who were elected into their positions. The Holy Roman Empire • Following in Charlemagne’s footsteps, Otto invaded Italy on the pope’s behalf. – The pope was concerned about the growing power of the Italian kingdom, who he feared he could not control. • When Otto successfully attacked Italy, the pope crowned him the new Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire • The German-Italian emperor created the Roman Empire of the German Nation. • It later became known as the Holy Roman Empire and continued to be the strongest state in Europe until around 1100. • However, Otto’s attempt to revive Charlemagne’s empire caused trouble for future German leaders. Before we continue • Lets review: 1. 2. 3. The Holy Roman Empire is, as mentioned before, a larger territory made up of smaller territories. The Kingdom of Germany (dark blue to the right) is just one kingdom that is part of the whole empire. The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire is only Emperor when the Pope appoints him and rules over the whole of the empire (including territories within). a) So there may be many kings, but only one emperor and one Pope at any given time. Clashes • Overtime, the Church began to resent the control that kings exercised over clergy and their offices. • The focus of their resentment was lay investiture– a ceremony in which kings and nobles appoint church officials. • Whoever controlled lay investiture wielded the real power in naming bishops. Clashes • Bishops were the powerful clergy in which kings sought and church reformers felt that the bishops should not be under the power of any king. • In this, in 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture. Clashes • In this, a young German emperor, Henry IV, immediately called a meeting of the German bishops he appointed. • With their approval, the emperor sent a vicious letter to Gregory, calling him a “false monk” and ordered him to step down from the papacy. Clashes • Gregory fired back and excommunicated Henry. • Henry sought the pope’s forgiveness. • Henry journeyed over the alps into the town of Canossa (kuh-nas-uh) where he went to the castle which the pope resided. • The Pope was obliged to forgive any sinner, but Gregory kept Henry waiting for three days before ending his excommunication. Clashes • While Henry was forgiven, the issue of lay investiture was unsolved. • Henry went back to his land to punish those who opposed him and Gregory gained a victory by humiliating a proud ruler. • In other words, the situation solved nothing. Clashes • Henry and Gregory’s successors continued to fight over lay investiture until 1122. • That year, the representatives of the church and the emperor met in the German city of Wurms. • There, they reached a compromise called the Concordat of Wurms. Clashes • This agreement stated only the Church could grant bishops their ring and staff– symbols of church authority. • However, the emperor had the veto power to prevent the appointment of the bishop. • With this, the investiture crisis was over, but strengthening the German states would be another challenge for the churchly kingdom. The Church • Despite the power of the Holy Roman Empire– and the fact that it was the center of western European Christianity– it began to weaken by the 1100s. • As we will see in future lessons, despite Christianity staying powerful, the Roman Catholic Church would steadily lose influence as the Middle Ages begins to wane. Closure • In your notebook, I want you to reflect on two questions: – How powerful was the Church during Middle Ages Europe? What evidence do you see that supports your claim? – Why do you think the Church was so powerful? Review Objectives • Compare the Middle Ages system of feudalism to the Japanese style of feudalism. • Describe the new social stratification system formed in Medieval Europe • Explain the role of Chivalry in everyday life of a knight • Examine the manor system and the purposes behind it. • Describe the extent of power by the church in medieval Europe. • Identify role the Church took in medieval Europe, such as handling certain laws. • Describe the relationship between the Holy Roman Empire and other authority figures. • Identify the region that made up the Holy Roman Empire Questions • If you have any questions, please ask now. Next lesson • In the next lesson we will be discussing the a change in Church organization and the Crusades. Review Read the handout “Medieval Church” and answer the question at the bottom: In one page, provide evidence from the reading that illustrates the power of the church in medieval Europe.