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Sensor Networks © M Jamshidi Definition of a Sensor Webster’s Definition: [Latin sentire to perceive] (ca. 1928): a device that responds to a physical stimulus, e.g. heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or a particular motion and transmits a resulting impulse (as for measurement or operating a control). Definition of Network A group or system of electric components and connecting circuitry designed to function in a specific manner. Communication in a Network Headers Multiple Access protocols How to handle multiple transmit requests Header Routing Handshaking protocols Decision making for shared resources Path from source to destination Flow control Prevent Livelock/Deadlock Maintain Quality of Service Routing configurations Sensor Network An array of sensors networked to communicate and share information about the data that they are collecting Sensor field So what? What application does Computational Intelligence have to Sensor Networks? Problem: Randomly distributed sensor network, low power nodes, remote monitoring in a large scale environment Power efficiency Maximize Sensory function Power Management Limited battery life Transmission costs for sending data Low cost sensors Increases with distance Often takes more resources than for acquiring data Limited power resources We can’t have every node “calling home” or we will waste all our power on communication and won’t have any left for monitoring the environment Clustering Goal: Create most efficient combination of sensing and communication among nodes Define some nodes as sensors Define other key nodes as cluster heads whose sole job is uplink, two examples: Predetermined cluster-heads whose sole task is uplink Each node has full sensory and uplink capabilities Clustering algorithm is run on the network for nodes to determine which cluster arrangement is the most efficient Clustering Types K-means Fuzzy C means Degrees of membership Hierarchical Simplest form, minimize error function Fixed number of nodes Clusters based on hierarchical distance relationships Mixture of Gaussians Model based optimization Fuzzy C Means Membership is a function of similarity to the average datum in the cluster Resulting Sensor Network Sample Cluster Representation Membership becomes a function of power efficiency Nodes become members of clusters that are the most efficient for communication and sensing Applications of Sensor Networks Counter Terrorism Monitor Disaster areas Traffic Surveillance Environmental Monitoring Earthquake Diagnostics Tsunami Detection Ecosystem Monitoring Parking Lot Bio-agent detection, remote surveillance, border patrol Identify usage and available spaces Warfare and Surveillance Base surveillance Advance scouting