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Estructuras Gramaticales Lección 6 1. El imperativo: tú y vosotros a. La forma tú i. The affirmative command form for tú has the same form as the third person singular of the present indicative. Verb trabajar beber escribir cerrar volver pedir ii. Present indicative él trabaja él bebe él escribe él cierra él vuelve él pide Familiar command (tú Eight verbs have irregular affirmative tú command forms. decir hacer ir poner salir ser tener venir iii. The negative tú command uses the corresponding forms of the present subjunctive. trabajar volver tener no no no ** Object and reflexive pronouns used with tú commands are positioned just as they are with formal commands. Cómpraselo. (affirmative) No se lo compres. (negative) b. La forma vosotros i. The affirmative vosotros command is formed by changing the final r of the infinitive to d. hablar-hablad comer-comed venir-venid ii. If the affirmative vosotros command is used with the reflexive pronoun os,the final d is omitted (except with the verb ir-idos). bañar bañarse bañad bañaos iii. The present subjunctive is used for the negative vosotros command. bañar no bañéis bañarse no os bañéis 2. El participio a. Formas i. The past participle is formed by adding he following endings to the stem of the verb. -ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs prepar _____ vend recib _____ _____ ii. Verbs ending in –er have a written accent mark over the i of the –ido ending when the stem ends with –a, -e, or –o. caer ca-ído creer cre-ído traer tra-ído leer le-ído iii. The past participle of verbs ending in –uir does not have a written accent mark. construir constru-ido contribuir contribu-ido iv. The past participle of the ver ir is ido. v. The following verbs gas irregular past participles. abrir cubrir decir describir descubrir devolver envolver escribir hacer morir poner resolver romper ver volver b. El participio usado como adjetivo i. In Spanish, most past participles may be used as adjectives. As such, they must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. ii. A few verbs have two forms for the past participle. The regular form is used in forming compound tenses, and the irregular form is used as an adjective. The most common ones are: Infinitive confundir despertar elegir imprimir prender (to arrest) soltar sustinuir Regular form Irregular form 3. El pretérito perfecto y el pluscuamperfecto a. El pretérito perfecto i. The Spanish present perfect tense is formed by combining the present indicative of the auxiliary verb haber with the past participle of the main verb in the singular masculine form. This tense is equivalent to the English present perfect (have + past participle, as in I have spoken.) haber (present indicative) Past participle hablado comido vuelto dicho roto hecho I _____ spoken. you _____ eaten he, she has, _____ returned we _____ said you _____ broken they, you _____ done, made **In Spanish, the auxiliary verb haber cannot be separated from the past participle in compound tenses as it can in English. ii. Direct object pronouns, indirect object pronouns, and reflexive pronouns are placed before the auxiliary verb. b. El pluscuamperfecto i. The past perfect, or pluperfect, tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb haber with the past participle of the main verb. This tense is equivalent to the English past perfect had + past participle, as in I had spoken.). Generally, the past perfect tense expresses an action ____________________ ____________________________________________________________. haber (imperfect) Past participle hablado comido vuelto dicho roto hecho I ______ spoken. you ______ eaten he, she has, you ______ returned we ______said you ______broken they, you ______ done, made 4. Posición de los adjetivos a. Adjetivos que van detrás y adjetivos que van delate del sustantivo i. While most adjectives may be placed either before or after the noun in Spanish, certain adjectives have a specific position. ii. Descriptive adjectives-those that distinguish the noun from others of its kindgenerally ________the noun. Adjectives of color, shape, nationality, religion, and ideology are included in this group, as are past participles used as adjectives. ** Adjectives modified by adverbs are also placed after the noun: Son unas clases muy interesantes. iii. Adjectives that express a __________________________________ about the modified noun are usually placed before the noun. iv. __________, _____________, and ___________indefinite adjectives and ________ and _________ numbers are also placed before the noun. v. The adjectives _________ and __________ are placed in front of the noun. vi. Adjectives that are normally placed after the noun may precede it for emphasis or as a poetic device. vii. When two or more adjectives modify the same nouns in a sentence, they are placed after the noun. The last two are joined by the conjunction y. b. Adjetivos que cambian de significado según la posición i. The meaning of certain adjectives changes according to whether they are placed before or after the noun. Some common ones are: grande pobre único viejo mismo