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Estructuras Gramaticales Lección 6
1. El imperativo: tú y vosotros
a. La forma tú
i. The affirmative command form for tú has the same form as the third person
singular of the present indicative.
Verb
trabajar
beber
escribir
cerrar
volver
pedir
ii.
Present indicative
él trabaja
él bebe
él escribe
él cierra
él vuelve
él pide
Familiar command (tú
Eight verbs have irregular affirmative tú command forms.
decir
hacer
ir
poner
salir
ser
tener
venir
iii. The negative tú command uses the corresponding forms of the present subjunctive.
trabajar
volver
tener
no
no
no
** Object and reflexive pronouns used with tú commands are positioned just as
they are with formal commands.
Cómpraselo. (affirmative)
No se lo compres. (negative)
b. La forma vosotros
i. The affirmative vosotros command is formed by changing the final r of the
infinitive to d.
hablar-hablad
comer-comed
venir-venid
ii. If the affirmative vosotros command is used with the reflexive pronoun os,the final
d is omitted (except with the verb ir-idos).
bañar
bañarse
bañad
bañaos
iii. The present subjunctive is used for the negative vosotros command.
bañar
no bañéis
bañarse
no os bañéis
2. El participio
a. Formas
i. The past participle is formed by adding he following endings to the stem of the
verb.
-ar verbs
-er verbs
-ir verbs
prepar _____
vend
recib
_____
_____
ii. Verbs ending in –er have a written accent mark over the i of the –ido ending when
the stem ends with –a, -e, or –o.
caer
ca-ído
creer
cre-ído
traer
tra-ído
leer
le-ído
iii. The past participle of verbs ending in –uir does not have a written accent mark.
construir
constru-ido
contribuir
contribu-ido
iv. The past participle of the ver ir is ido.
v. The following verbs gas irregular past participles.
abrir
cubrir
decir
describir
descubrir
devolver
envolver
escribir
hacer
morir
poner
resolver
romper
ver
volver
b. El participio usado como adjetivo
i. In Spanish, most past participles may be used as adjectives. As such, they must
agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.
ii. A few verbs have two forms for the past participle. The regular form is used in
forming compound tenses, and the irregular form is used as an adjective. The most
common ones are:
Infinitive
confundir
despertar
elegir
imprimir
prender (to arrest)
soltar
sustinuir
Regular form
Irregular form
3. El pretérito perfecto y el pluscuamperfecto
a. El pretérito perfecto
i. The Spanish present perfect tense is formed by combining the present indicative
of the auxiliary verb haber with the past participle of the main verb in the singular
masculine form. This tense is equivalent to the English present perfect (have + past
participle, as in I have spoken.)
haber
(present indicative)
Past participle
hablado
comido
vuelto
dicho
roto
hecho
I _____ spoken.
you _____ eaten
he, she has, _____
returned
we _____ said
you _____ broken
they, you _____ done,
made
**In Spanish, the auxiliary verb haber cannot be separated from the past participle
in compound tenses as it can in English.
ii. Direct object pronouns, indirect object pronouns, and reflexive pronouns are placed
before the auxiliary verb.
b. El pluscuamperfecto
i. The past perfect, or pluperfect, tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of
the auxiliary verb haber with the past participle of the main verb. This tense is
equivalent to the English past perfect had + past participle, as in I had spoken.).
Generally, the past perfect tense expresses an action ____________________
____________________________________________________________.
haber
(imperfect)
Past participle
hablado
comido
vuelto
dicho
roto
hecho
I ______ spoken.
you ______ eaten
he, she has, you ______
returned
we ______said
you ______broken
they, you ______ done,
made
4. Posición de los adjetivos
a. Adjetivos que van detrás y adjetivos que van delate del sustantivo
i. While most adjectives may be placed either before or after the noun in Spanish,
certain adjectives have a specific position.
ii. Descriptive adjectives-those that distinguish the noun from others of its kindgenerally ________the noun. Adjectives of color, shape, nationality, religion, and
ideology are included in this group, as are past participles used as adjectives.
** Adjectives modified by adverbs are also placed after the noun:
Son unas clases muy interesantes.
iii. Adjectives that express a __________________________________ about the
modified noun are usually placed before the noun.
iv. __________, _____________, and ___________indefinite adjectives and
________ and _________ numbers are also placed before the noun.
v. The adjectives _________ and __________ are placed in front of the noun.
vi. Adjectives that are normally placed after the noun may precede it for emphasis or
as a poetic device.
vii. When two or more adjectives modify the same nouns in a sentence, they are placed
after the noun. The last two are joined by the conjunction y.
b. Adjetivos que cambian de significado según la posición
i. The meaning of certain adjectives changes according to whether they are placed
before or after the noun. Some common ones are:
grande
pobre
único
viejo
mismo