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TAKS REVIEW
Day 1
1. scientific methods - common procedures used by scientists to gather information used
in problem solving and experimentation
2. control - the part of the experiment in which all conditions are kept constant
3. hypothesis - testable explanation of a question or problem
4. variable - a quantity or condition that can have more than one value in a controlled
experiment
5. laboratory safety - biologists ry to minimize hazards to themselves, the people working
around them, and the organisms they are studying
6. active transport - process requiring energy by which cells move materials
7. homeostasis - equilibrium of an organism's internal environment that maintains
conditions suitable for life
8. permeability - property of a plasma or cell membrane that maintains the cell's
homeostasis
9. cell membrane - the boundary between the cell and its external environment; allows
materials such as oxygen to enter and waste products to leave
10. organelles - internal membrane-bound structures in a cell
11. chloroplasts - chlorophyll-containing organelle found in green plants and some
protists
12. endoplasmic reticulum - membranes forming a type of transport system
13. mitochondrion - eukaryotic membrane-bound organelle in which food molecules are
broken down to produce energy
14. ribosomes - eukaryotic organelles involved in protein synthesis
15. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid; the master copy of an organism's information code
16. RNA - ribonucleic acid; forms a copy of DNA for use in protein synthesis
17. replication – process in which the two strands of the double helix separate and bases
pair with free nucleotides to form two molecules of DNA
18. transcription - the process by which enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand
19. mutation - error or change in the DNA sequence
20. allele - gene form for each variation of a trait of an organism
21. dominant - visible, observable trait of an organism that masks a recessive form of the
trait
22. Punnett square - a shorthand way of finding the expected proportions of possible
genotypes in the offspring of a cross
23. taxonomy - branch of biology dealing with grouping and naming organisms
24. kingdom - taxonomic grouping of related phyla
25. animals - multicellular consumers that eat other organisms for food
26. archaebacteria - group of prokaryotes that produce glucose by chemosynthesis rather
than by photosynthesis
27. eubacteria - group of prokaryotes with a wide variety of structures and types of
metabolism
28. fungi - group of heterotrophic, eukaryotic consumers that absorb nutrients from
decomposing wastes and dead organisms
29. plants - group of stationary, multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize
30. protists - group of eukaryotic, plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike organisms lacking
complex organ systems that live in a moist environment
31. circulatory system - includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood
32. digestive system - receives and breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
33. endocrine system - controls the metabolic activities of the body structures
34. excretory system - filters the blood, collects urine, and excretes urine from the body
35. immune system - protects the body from infections such as colds and flu
36. integumentary system - consists of the skin and its associated structures
37. muscular/skeleton system - includes three types of muscles: smooth, cardiac, and
skeletal; the skeletal system consists of the skeleton
38. nervous system - includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
39. reproductive system - involved in the production of gametes
40. respiratory system - consists of a pair of lungs, a series of passageways into the body,
and a thin sheet of smooth muscle called the diaphragm
TAKS REVIEW
DAY 2
1. bacteria - microscopic, prokaryotic cells; the smallest and simplest of living things
2. antibiotic - microbial or fungal product that kills or inhibits the growth of other
microorganisms
3. virus - disease-causing, nonliving particle composed of an inner core of nucleic acid
enclosed by one or two protein coats
4. AIDS - (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) caused by HIV, which damages the
immune system
5. host cell - a cell in which a virus reproduces
6. lytic cycle - viral reproductive cycle
7. retroviruses - viruses containing a unique enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which
transcribes viral RNA into DNA, enabling the viral DNA to enter the host cell's
chromosome
8. natural selection - mechanism that explains how changes in populations occur when
organisms with favorable variations for a particular environment survive, reproduce , and
pass these variations on to the next generation; can be stabilizing, directional, or
disruptive
9. adaptation - evolution of structural, internal, or behavioral features that help an
organism better survive in its environment
10. behavior - response of an animal to an environmental stimulus
11. extinction - occurs when the last members of a species die
12. phylogeny - evolutionary history of a species based on comparative relationships of
structures and on comparisons of modern life forms with fossils
13. speciation - the process by which a new species is formed when individuals of a
population are unable to interbreed or produce fertile offspring
14. ATP – adenosine triphosphate; energy storing molecule that serves as the cell’s
“energy currency”
15. photosynthesis – process by which autotrophs produce simple sugars from water and
carbon dioxide using energy absorbed from sunlight
16. respiration – process in which cells break down molecules of food to release energy
17. metabolism – total of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism
18. trophic level – represents a feeding step in the transfer of energy and matter in an
ecosystem
19. ecosystem - populations in a community and abiotic factors with which they interact
20. food chain - a possible route for the transfer of matter and energy through an
ecosystem
21. food pyramid - summarizes interactions of matter and energy at each trophic level
22. food web - shows all the possible feeding relationships in a community
23. predation - a mode of life in which food is primarily obtained by the killing and
consuming of animals
24. commensalism - symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other
species is neither harmed nor helped
25. mutualism - symbiotic relationship beneficial to both species
26. parasitism - symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the
other species
27. carbon cycle - the cycle in which carbon dioxide is fixed by photosynthetic organism
to form organic nutrients and is ultimately restored to the inorganic state by respiration
and decay
28. greenhouse effect - a natural phenomenon by which carbon dioxide and other
atmospheric gases prevent heat from escaping into space
29. water cycle - the sequence through which water passes from the atmosphere through
precipitation on land or water surfaces and ultimately back into the atmosphere
TAKS REVIEW
DAY 3
1. physical property - characteristic of a material that can be observed without changing
the identity of the material
2. buoyancy - ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in the
fluid
3. density - a ratio that compares the mass of an object to its volume (g/cm3)
4. viscosity - a measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow
5. chemical property – the ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change
into new substances
6. covalent bond – a chemical bond that results from the sharing of valence electrons
7. ionic bond – the electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged particles together in
an ionic compound
8. valence electrons – the electrons in an atom’s outermost orbitals that determine the
chemical properties of an element
9. law of conversation of mass - states that , in any process, mass is neither created nor
destroyed, but is conserved
10. physical change - a change that alters the physical properties of a substance but not its
composition
11. rock cycle - continuous, dynamic set of processes by which rocks are changed into
other types of rock
12. states of matter - the physical forms in which all matter naturally exists -- most
commonly a solid, a liquid, or a gas
13. chemical change - a process involving one or more substances changing into new
substances
14. digestion - the process of making food absorbable by breaking it down into simpler
chemical compounds
15. oxidation - the loss of electrons from the atoms of a substance
16. solubility - the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of
solvent at a specific temperature and pressure
17. solute - the substance that dissolves
18. solution - a uniform mixture that may contain solids, liquids, or gases
19. solvent - the dissolving medium
20. universal solvent Water is commonly called a universal solvent because of its
polarity
21. electrolyte – an ionic compound whose aqueous solution conducts an electric current
22. pH scale – the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
23. acceleration - the rate of change in speed
24. efficiency – the ratio of output work to input work
25. force - a push or pull exerted on an object; has magnitude and direction
26. mechanical advantage – the ratio of resistance force to effort force
27. momentum - a property of any moving object; the product of an object's mass and
velocity (p=mv)
28. Newton's Laws - 1) If a system has no net force on it then its velocity will not change.
2) Acceleration of an object equals the net force on that object divided by its mass. 3) All
forces come in pairs hat are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
29. power - the rate at which energy is transferred
30. speed - rate of change in the position of an object (sometimes called velocity)
31. work - the process of changing the energy of a system by means of forces; the
product of the force and the distance over which the force was applied (W=Fd)
32. amplitude - the maximum distance an object moves from equilibrium in any periodic
motion
33. frequency - in periodic motion, the number of complete oscillations measured in hertz
(Hz)
34. wavelength - the shortest distance between points where the wave pattern repeats
itself
35. period - in periodic motion, the time needed to repeat a complete cycle
36. interference – the interaction of two or more waves
37. polarization – the action or process of affecting radiation and light so that the
vibration of the waves assume a definite form
38. reflection – occurs when a wave strikes an object and bounces off
39. refraction – a change in the direction of waves crossing a boundary between two
different media
40. resonance – a vibration of large amplitude caused by a relatively small stimulus of a
similar period
41. law of conservation of energy - the energy in a closed, isolated system is constant
42. energy transformation - a change from one form of energy to another such as
electrical energy to thermal energy
43. conduction - the process that transfers kinetic energy when particles collide
44. convection - the transfer of heat by means of motion in a fluid
45. heat - energy transferred between objects because of a temperature difference
46. radiation - the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves