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ECOLOGY REVIEW http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html List the 6 levels of organization that ecologists study from smallest to largest Organisms → Populations → Communities → Ecosystems → Biomes → BIOSPHERE All the organisms that live in a place PLUS their non-living environment ecosystem Another name for autotrophs producers The portion of the Earth in which all life exists biosphere Make a food chain out of the following: herbivore omnivore autotroph autotroph → herbivore → omnivore WHICH ORGANISMS are responsible for removing nitrogen from and returning nitrogen to the atmosphere? BACTERIA in soil The process of taking nitrogen from the atmosphere and changing it into a form plants can use is called NITROGEN FIXATION ______________________ Energy moves through ecosystems Food chains/webs in ______________ food chains/webs biogeochemical cycles Which of these is a decomposer? ↑ Fungi and SOME bacteria are decomposers Organism that eats both plants and omnivore meat Process in which water from plant leaves evaporates into the atmosphere transpiration Give an example of a decomposer Bacteria or fungi (break down organic material and absorb the nutrients) Which group of organisms is alway found in the first trophic level of every food chain or web? Autotrophs or producers Why is only about 10% of the energy in an organism transferred in a food chain? Some is used by organism for life processes such as movement, transport, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and rest is lost as HEAT Give an example of an ABIOTIC fac Climate, temperature, precipitation, wind, soil type, water availability, sunlight Give an example of a RESOURCE Food, water, shelter, territory, light Another name for autotrophs producers Who is it? Heterotroph that obtains energy by eating only plants HERBIVORE ___________________ Heterotroph that eats both plants and OMNIVORE animals _____________________ Heterotroph that breaks down organic matter (Ex: Fungi & bacteria) DECOMPOSER __________________ Heterotroph that feed on dead plants DETRITIVORE and animal remains (EX:Crabs & worms) ___________________ Heterotroph that eats only meat CARNIVORE ___________________ How is a food web different from a food chain? Food webs are made up of many food chains Which of these is an herbivore? ↑ Zebras are herbivores Tell two ways water returns to the atmosphere in the water cycle. Evaporation and transpiration An organism that eats both meat and plants omnivore Name a limiting factor that could cause a population to decrease Competition- for food, shelter, territory Predation Disease/Parasitism Drought/climate change Human disturbance Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following EXCEPT: Photosynthesis respiration decomposition transpiration TRANSPIRATION moves water in the water cycle An organism that eats ONLY plants herbivore PUT THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER OF INCREASING COMPLEXITY ORGANISM COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM BIOSPHERE POPULATION BIOME POPULATION ORGANISM COMMUNITY ________________ ________________ ________________ ECOSYSTEM BIOME BIOSPHERE ________________ ________________ ________________ The portion of the Earth in which all life exists biosphere Organism that captures and eats another predator What is the difference between a BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factor? Biotic factors are living; Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of an ecosystem Which organisms are responsible for nitrogen fixation in the nitrogen cycle? Bacteria in soil Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from their close association mutualism An “organism’s job” that includes what it ea what eats it, where in the habitat it lives, h acts, and when & how it reproduces? niche A group of individuals that belong to the same species that live together in an area population Another name for heterotrophs consumers Which of the following is TRUE? Producers make up the first trophic level. TRUE Food chains are made by linking many food webs. FALSE: Food webs are made by linking food chains All the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next F Only about 10% is passed on to the next level. Most is used for life processes or lost as heat Energy flows through the ecosystem in one direction from the sun to producers to consumers. TRUE Organisms that are able to take in energy from their environment and make their own carbohydrates are called autotrophs ___________________________ Which of these is a carnivore? ↑ Lions are carnivores Group of different populations that live together in an area community All the living things an ecosystem that an organism might interact w Biotic factors This diagram shows a food chain ____________ Which of the organisms above is: algae a producer ? ______________ BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 Zooplankton, fish, squid, shark a consumer? _____________ Which of the following is TRUE? Bacteria take carbon dioxide from the atomosphere and fix it in a form plants can use. This is TRUE about nitrogen NOT CARBON DIOXIDE Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere naturally from and volcanic activity . TRUE respiration Human activities such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. TRUE Photosynthesis by plants removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. TRUE How is a detritivore different from a decomposer? Detritivores EAT dead organisms; Decomposers break them down and absorb their nutrients Name one of the biogeochemical cycles you learned about Carbon, nitrogen, Water (hydrogen & oxygen); phosphorus Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring species An organism that is captured and eaten by another prey Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither harmed nor helped commensalism The scientific study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment ecology Which of the following is part of the HYDROLOGIC OR WATER CYCLE ? RUNOFF YES YES TRANSPIRATION EVAPORATION YES NO - part of NITROGEN CYCLE NITRIFICATION YES CONDENSATION NITROGEN FIXATION NO - part of NITROGEN CYCLE PRECIPITATION YES Organism such as bacteria or fungi that break down organic matter decomposers Each step in a food chain or web trophic level Tell something living things use nitrogen for. Making proteins (amino part of amino acids) Making nucleic acids (nitrogen bases) Part of ATP molecule (nitrogen base) Groups of different species that live together in an area make up a community __________________ Which of these is an omnivore? Most humans are omnivores ↑ Cycle which includes an underground reservoir in the form of fossil fuels Carbon cycle Another name for the water cycle Hydrologic cycle Process in which green plants use energy from sunlight to produce carbohydrates photosynthesis Another name for a living thing organism Tell the group of organisms that all the cycles have in common which keeps matter cycling between living (organic) and nonliving (inorganic) parts of the ecosystem. decomposers Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits by living on or inside another which is harmed parasitism Which level is it? Group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. POPULATION ___________________ Group of ecosystems that have the same climate BIOME and communities _____________________ SPECIES Organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring __________________ COMMUNITY Populations that live together in an area ____________________ BIOSPHERE Portion of the planet in which all life exists ___________________ Collection of all the organisms that live in an ECOSYSTEM area together with their physical environment ___________________ Organisms that can make their own food using energy from sunlight or chemical bonds in inorganic compounds autotrophs or producers All the non-living things such as climate, temperature, weather, soil type, or sunlight in an ecosystem that impact an organism Abiotic factors Organism that can’t make its own food and get energy from consuming other organisms heterotrophs or consumers Any relationship in which two spec live closely together symbiosis Organism that eats only meat carnivore Process in which liquid water changes into a gas evaporation EVOLUTION REVIEW Chapter 15 Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006 Change in a population over time evolution Differences among individuals within a species Natural variation Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms Homologous structures Organ with little or no function Vestigial organ Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment fitness Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances for survival adaptation Preserved remains of an ancient organism fossil Islands that Darwin visited on his voyage on the Beagle that started him thinking about how organisms change over time Galapagos Concept that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time Descent with Modifications Idea that organisms that are best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce Survival of the Fittest GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A PHYSICAL ADAPTATION Webbed feet, horns, antlers, claws, feathers, wings, camouflage, . . . . there are a million GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION Nocturnal (coming out at night); Flying south for the winter, living in herds, “wagon train” defense; burrowing; hibernation When humans select and breed animals with certain useful traits from the natural variation in the population Artificial selection The bones in the diagrams below are examples of ________________ Homologous structures French naturalist who hypothesized that organisms acquire traits during their lifetime through use or disuse which can be passed on to offspring Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Name 3 kinds of evidence that supports Darwin’s THEORY OF EVOLUTION Fossils Geographic distribution Homologous structures Vestigial organs Embryology DNA Pseudogenes Artificial selection Can see natural selection work antibiotic resistance, new diseases, The idea that all species, living and extinct, were derived from a common ancestor Common descent Natural selection is the same as Survival of the fittest ______________ A human’s appendix and a skink’s legs are examples of _______________ Vestigial organs How would Lamarck explain these giraffes with longer necks? They grew longer with use Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006 How would Darwin explain these giraffes with longer necks? Populations naturally have individuals with different sizes of necks (natural variation) The ones with longer necks are better able to get food, survive, and pass on their longer neck genes. Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006 How would Darwin explain the evolution of this giraffe population towards longer necks? Longer necked giraffes can better compete for food and survive to reproduce, passing on their long necked genes. Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006 How would Lamarck explain the evolution of this giraffe population towards longer necks? The long-necked trait acquired by stretching can be passed onto offspring and those organisms will be better able to survive. Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006 According to this diagram, modern whales have a vestigial pelvis and femur. What does this suggest about ancestors of modern whales? Ancestors of modern whales had legs and walked on land Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006 A possible explanation for a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific question hypothesis Change in the DNA sequence of an organism due to mistake is replication or damage from radiation or chemicals mutation Fur, feathers, beaks, antlers, & claws adaptations are all examples of ____________ Of all the places he visited, the GALAPAGOS Islands ______________ influenced Darwin’s ideas about evolution the most. In addition to observing living organisms, Darwin studied the preserved remains of ancient organisms fossils called _________________ On the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants A. all looked alike B. were completely unrelated C. were acquired through use D. varied from island to island . D. Varied from island to island Darwin’s concept of evolution was influenced by all of the following EXCEPT _________________ A. B. C. D. the work of Charles Lyell and James Hutton his collection of specimens and fossils his knowledge of the structure of DNA his voyage around the world E. Malthus’s ideas about populations and resources C. Darwin didn’t know about DNA! Give a summary of Darwin’s theory of evolution Natural variation in population provides basis for natural selection to act Overproduction of offspring forces competition for resources (struggle for survival) Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce; Other organisms die or leave fewer Offspring (survival of the fittest/natural selection) Species alive today have descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant past All organisms are united into a single “tree of life” (common descent) THE END. . . or is it? EVOLUTION IS STILL HAPPENING