Download ecology and evolution review

ECOLOGY
REVIEW
http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html
List the 6 levels of organization that
ecologists study from smallest to
largest
Organisms → Populations
→
Communities → Ecosystems →
Biomes →
BIOSPHERE
All the organisms that live in a
place
PLUS their non-living environment
ecosystem
Another name for autotrophs
producers
The portion of the Earth in
which all life exists
biosphere
Make a food chain out of the
following:
herbivore
omnivore
autotroph
autotroph → herbivore → omnivore
WHICH ORGANISMS are responsible for
removing nitrogen from and returning
nitrogen to the atmosphere?
BACTERIA in soil
The process of taking nitrogen from the
atmosphere and changing it into a form
plants can use is called
NITROGEN FIXATION
______________________
Energy moves through
ecosystems
Food
chains/webs
in ______________
food chains/webs
biogeochemical cycles
Which of these is a decomposer?
↑
Fungi and SOME bacteria are decomposers
Organism that eats both plants
and
omnivore
meat
Process in which water from plant
leaves evaporates into the
atmosphere
transpiration
Give an example of a decomposer
Bacteria or fungi
(break down organic material and absorb the
nutrients)
Which group of organisms is alway
found in the first trophic level of
every food chain or web?
Autotrophs or producers
Why is only about 10% of the
energy in an organism
transferred in a food chain?
Some is used by organism for life
processes such as movement,
transport, metabolism, growth,
reproduction, and rest is lost as
HEAT
Give an example of an ABIOTIC fac
Climate, temperature,
precipitation, wind, soil type,
water availability, sunlight
Give an example of a RESOURCE
Food, water, shelter, territory,
light
Another name for autotrophs
producers
Who is it?
Heterotroph that obtains energy by
eating only plants
HERBIVORE
___________________
Heterotroph that eats both plants and
OMNIVORE
animals
_____________________
Heterotroph that breaks down organic
matter (Ex: Fungi & bacteria)
DECOMPOSER
__________________
Heterotroph that feed on dead plants
DETRITIVORE
and animal remains (EX:Crabs & worms) ___________________
Heterotroph that eats only meat
CARNIVORE
___________________
How is a food web different from a
food chain?
Food webs are made up of many food
chains
Which of these is an herbivore?
↑
Zebras are herbivores
Tell two ways water returns to the
atmosphere in the water cycle.
Evaporation and transpiration
An organism that eats both meat
and plants
omnivore
Name a limiting factor that could
cause a population to decrease
Competition- for food, shelter,
territory
Predation
Disease/Parasitism
Drought/climate change
Human disturbance
Carbon cycles through the
biosphere in all of the following
EXCEPT:
Photosynthesis
respiration
decomposition
transpiration
TRANSPIRATION moves
water in the water cycle
An organism that eats ONLY plants
herbivore
PUT THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER OF INCREASING COMPLEXITY
ORGANISM
COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTEM
BIOSPHERE
POPULATION
BIOME
POPULATION
ORGANISM
COMMUNITY 
________________
 ________________
 ________________
ECOSYSTEM
BIOME
BIOSPHERE
________________
 ________________
 ________________

The portion of the Earth in
which all life exists
biosphere
Organism that captures and eats
another
predator
What is the difference between a
BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factor?
Biotic factors are living;
Abiotic factors are the non-living
parts of an ecosystem
Which organisms are
responsible for
nitrogen fixation in the
nitrogen cycle?
Bacteria in soil
Symbiotic relationship in which
both organisms benefit from their
close
association
mutualism
An “organism’s job” that includes what it ea
what eats it, where in the habitat it lives, h
acts, and when & how it reproduces?
niche
A group of individuals that belong to
the same species that live together
in an area
population
Another name for heterotrophs
consumers
Which of the following is TRUE?
Producers make up the first trophic level.
TRUE
Food chains are made by linking many food webs.
FALSE: Food webs are made by linking food chains
All the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next
F Only about 10% is passed on to the next level.
Most is used for life processes or lost as heat
Energy flows through the ecosystem in one direction from
the sun to producers to consumers.
TRUE
Organisms that are able to take in
energy from their environment and
make their own carbohydrates are
called autotrophs
___________________________
Which of these is a carnivore?
↑
Lions are carnivores
Group of different
populations that live
together in an area
community
All the living things an ecosystem
that an organism might interact w
Biotic factors
This diagram shows a food chain
____________
Which of the organisms above is:
algae
a producer ? ______________
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
Zooplankton, fish, squid, shark
a consumer? _____________
Which of the following is TRUE?
Bacteria take carbon dioxide from the atomosphere and
fix it in
a form plants can use.
This is TRUE about nitrogen NOT CARBON DIOXIDE
Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere naturally from
and volcanic activity .
TRUE
respiration
Human activities such as mining, cutting and burning
forests,
and burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
TRUE
Photosynthesis by plants removes carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere.
TRUE
How is a detritivore different from
a decomposer?
Detritivores EAT dead organisms;
Decomposers break them down and
absorb their nutrients
Name one of the biogeochemical
cycles you learned about
Carbon, nitrogen, Water (hydrogen &
oxygen); phosphorus
Group of organisms so similar that
they can breed and produce fertile
offspring
species
An organism that is captured and
eaten by another
prey
Symbiotic relationship in which
one
organism benefits but the other is
neither harmed nor helped
commensalism
The scientific study of interactions
between organisms and between
organisms and their environment
ecology
Which of the following is part of the
HYDROLOGIC OR WATER CYCLE ?
RUNOFF
YES
YES
TRANSPIRATION
EVAPORATION
YES
NO - part of NITROGEN CYCLE
NITRIFICATION
YES
CONDENSATION
NITROGEN FIXATION NO - part of NITROGEN CYCLE
PRECIPITATION
YES
Organism such as bacteria or
fungi
that break down organic matter
decomposers
Each step in a food chain or web
trophic level
Tell something living things use nitrogen
for.
Making proteins
(amino part of amino acids)
Making nucleic acids (nitrogen bases)
Part of ATP molecule (nitrogen base)
Groups of different species that
live together in an area make up
a community
__________________
Which of these is an omnivore?
Most humans are omnivores
↑
Cycle which includes an
underground reservoir in the
form of fossil fuels
Carbon cycle
Another name for the water cycle
Hydrologic cycle
Process in which green plants use
energy from sunlight to produce
carbohydrates
photosynthesis
Another name for a living thing
organism
Tell the group of organisms that all
the cycles have in common which
keeps matter cycling between living
(organic) and nonliving (inorganic)
parts of the ecosystem.
decomposers
Symbiotic relationship in which
one organism benefits by living
on or inside another which is
harmed parasitism
Which level is it?
Group of individuals that belong to the same
species and live in the same area.
POPULATION
___________________
Group of ecosystems that have the same climate
BIOME
and communities
_____________________
SPECIES
Organisms so similar to one another that
they can breed and produce fertile offspring __________________
COMMUNITY
Populations that live together in an area ____________________
BIOSPHERE
Portion of the planet in which all life exists ___________________
Collection of all the organisms that live in an
ECOSYSTEM
area together with their physical environment ___________________
Organisms that can make their own food
using energy from sunlight or chemical
bonds in inorganic compounds
autotrophs or producers
All the non-living things such as
climate, temperature, weather,
soil type, or sunlight in an
ecosystem that impact an organism
Abiotic factors
Organism that can’t make its
own food and get energy from
consuming other organisms
heterotrophs or consumers
Any relationship in which two spec
live closely together
symbiosis
Organism that eats only meat
carnivore
Process in which liquid water
changes into a gas
evaporation
EVOLUTION
REVIEW
Chapter 15
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
Change in a population over time
evolution
Differences among individuals
within a species
Natural variation
Structures that develop from the
same embryonic tissues, but
have different mature forms
Homologous structures
Organ with little or no function
Vestigial organ
Ability of an organism to
survive and reproduce in a
specific environment
fitness
Inherited characteristic that
increases and organism’s chances
for survival
adaptation
Preserved remains of an ancient
organism
fossil
Islands that Darwin visited on his
voyage on the Beagle that started
him thinking about how organisms
change over time
Galapagos
Concept that each living species
has descended with changes
from other species over time
Descent with Modifications
Idea that organisms that are
best suited to their environment
will survive and reproduce
Survival of the Fittest
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION
Webbed feet, horns, antlers,
claws, feathers, wings, camouflage,
. . . . there are a million
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
Nocturnal (coming out at night);
Flying south for the winter, living in herds,
“wagon train” defense; burrowing; hibernation
When humans select and breed
animals with certain useful
traits from the natural
variation in the population
Artificial selection
The bones in the diagrams below
are examples of
________________
Homologous structures
French naturalist who hypothesized
that organisms acquire traits during
their lifetime through use or disuse
which can be passed on to offspring
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Name 3 kinds of evidence that
supports Darwin’s THEORY OF
EVOLUTION
Fossils
Geographic distribution
Homologous structures
Vestigial organs
Embryology
DNA
Pseudogenes
Artificial selection
Can see natural selection work
antibiotic resistance, new diseases,
The idea that all species, living
and extinct, were derived from
a common ancestor
Common descent
Natural selection is the same as
Survival
of the fittest
______________
A human’s appendix and a
skink’s legs are examples of
_______________
Vestigial organs
How would Lamarck
explain these giraffes
with longer necks?
They grew longer with use
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
How would Darwin explain these
giraffes with longer necks?
Populations naturally have
individuals with different
sizes of necks
(natural variation)
The ones with longer necks
are better able to get food,
survive, and pass on their longer
neck genes.
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
How would Darwin explain the
evolution of this giraffe
population towards longer necks?
Longer necked giraffes can better
compete for food and survive to
reproduce, passing on their long
necked genes.
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
How would Lamarck explain the
evolution of this giraffe
population towards longer necks?
The long-necked trait acquired by
stretching can be passed onto
offspring and those organisms will
be better able to survive.
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
According to this diagram, modern
whales have a vestigial pelvis
and femur. What does this suggest
about ancestors of modern whales?
Ancestors of modern
whales had legs and
walked on land
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006
A possible explanation for a set of
observations or a possible answer
to a scientific question
hypothesis
Change in the DNA sequence of an
organism due to mistake is
replication or damage from
radiation or chemicals
mutation
Fur, feathers, beaks, antlers, & claws
adaptations
are all examples of ____________
Of all the places he visited, the
GALAPAGOS Islands
______________
influenced Darwin’s ideas about
evolution the most.
In addition to observing living
organisms, Darwin studied the
preserved remains of ancient organisms
fossils
called _________________
On the Galápagos Islands, Darwin
observed that the characteristics of
many animals and plants
A. all looked alike
B. were completely unrelated
C. were acquired through use
D. varied from island to island .
D. Varied from island to island
Darwin’s concept of evolution was influenced by all
of the following EXCEPT _________________
A.
B.
C.
D.
the work of Charles Lyell and James Hutton
his collection of specimens and fossils
his knowledge of the structure of DNA
his voyage around the world
E. Malthus’s ideas about populations and resources
C. Darwin didn’t know about DNA!
Give a summary of Darwin’s theory
of evolution
Natural variation in population provides basis
for natural selection to act
Overproduction of offspring forces
competition for resources (struggle for survival)
Organisms best suited to their environment will survive
and reproduce; Other organisms die or leave fewer
Offspring (survival of the fittest/natural selection)
Species alive today have descended with modification
from ancestral species that lived in the distant past
All organisms are united into a single “tree of life”
(common descent)
THE END. . .
or is it?
EVOLUTION IS STILL HAPPENING