Download Summer Assignment: First, read

Summer Assignment: First, read
Chapter 1
The Rise of Europe
Chapter Summary
Chapters 1 and 2 of the text. Please take the outline
provided and complete it by providing details to each
section- may be in Outline, bullet point or general notes
format. You will receive a grade for this assignment.
Second, read the discussion questions and be prepared
to test by the end of the first week of school- you do not
have to write the answers to these out. Please contact
me at [email protected] with any questions- I
will check this e-mail frequently, but not every day.
In order to understand the history of the modern world, we must not only examine Europe
and its rise to ascendancy, but also the influences of other cultures and civilizations upon
Europe. Convention dictates that modern times began around 1500, yet ancient
civilizations like the Greeks and Romans exercised tremendous influence on what would
become Europe through contributions to philosophy, science, law, and government. The
spread of Christianity, which began in the Roman Empire and continued into the early
Middle Ages with the conversion of barbarian tribes and the peoples of eastern Europe,
gave Europe a common religion. The growth of the church and the increasing power of
the papacy laid the groundwork for an ongoing struggle between secular and religious
power. In the Early Middle Ages, Europe underwent social, economic, and political
transformations as agricultural innovations encouraged population growth, towns and
commerce flourished, and feudal relations laid the foundations for the growth of national
monarchies. By about the year 1300, Europe had become a recognizable geographic,
cultural, and political entity among the Mediterranean civilizations into which the GrecoRoman world had divided.
Chapter Outline
1.1 Ancient Times: Greece, Rome, and Christianity
a. The Greek World
i. Greek accomplishments
ii. The classical virtues
iii. The spread of Greek civilization
b. The Roman World
i. The Roman Empire
ii. The pax Romana
c. The Coming of Christianity
i. Emergence and spread of Christianity
ii. Christian beliefs
iii. Persecution
iv. Saint Augustine
v. Caesaropapism
1.2 The Early Middle Ages: The Formation of Europe
a. The Disintegration of the Roman Empire
i. The founding of Constantinople
ii. Decline in the West
iii. Barbarian invasions
b. The Byzantine World, the Arabic World, and the West about 700
i. Byzantine Empire
ii. Arabic world
iii. Latin Christendom
iv. Germanic customs
c. The Church and the Rise of the Papacy
i. Growth of monasteries
ii. Papal authority
iii. Conversion of the barbarians
d. The Empire of Charlemagne, 800-814
i. Charlemagne
ii. Revival of learning
e. Ninth-Century Invasions; Europe by 1000
i. Second wave of barbarians
ii. “Great Schism of East and West”
iii. Emerging Europe
1.3 The High Middle Ages: Secular Civilization
a. Agriculture and the Feudal System after 1000
i. Agriculture and population growth
ii. Three-field system
iii. Feudalism
iv. Capetian kings
v. The Normans in England
vi. The manor and serfs
b. The Rise of Towns and Commerce
i. Long-distance trade
ii. Growth of towns
iii. Corporate liberties
iv. Guilds
v. Towns and the decline of serfdom
c. The Growth of Monarchies and Government Institutions
i. Changes in monarchical rule
ii. Taxation
iii. Origins of parliaments
iv. The three estates
v. England’s Parliament
1.4 The High Middle Ages: The Church
a. The Development of the Medieval Church and Papacy
i. The church in crisis
ii. Reform efforts
iii. Gregory VII
iv. Lay investiture
v. Innocent III
b. Intellectual Life: The Universities, Scholasticism
i. The founding of universities
ii. Theology
iii. Arabic and Greek learning
iv. Thomas Aquinas
v. Scholasticism
c. The Crusades; New Invasions; Europe by 1300
i. Crusades to the Holy Land
ii. Other crusades
iii. The “rise of Europe”
iv. European civilization in 1300
Learning Objectives
Chapter 1 teaches students about:
1. the origins of global modern civilization and the historical trends of modernity in
which Europe played a central role.
2. Greek culture, which laid the foundations for later developments in political
science and philosophy, and the spread of that culture around the Mediterranean
world.
3. the Roman aptitudes for law, government, administration, and military
organization, which allowed them to control a far-flung empire.
4. the emergence and spread of Christianity, and the new sense of human life
promoted by the Christians.
5. Christian dualism, which allowed for the separation of spiritual and political
power.
6. the decline of the Roman Empire, and its fragmentation into the Byzantine
Empire and Latin Christendom.
7. the dynamism of the third part of the Mediterranean, the Arabic world.
8. the influence of Germanic culture and the invading barbarians’ adoption of
Roman culture.
9. the rise of new Christian religious institutions and the growing influence of the
papacy.
10. the achievements of Charlemagne, which include a revival of learning and the
reunification of the west for the first time since the Romans.
11. the appearance, by about 1000, of a recognizably European civilization.
12. the technological innovations in agriculture and the accompanying expansion of
population that took place in the Early Middle Ages.
13. the emergence of feudalism.
14. the growth of towns and commerce, and the challenge to the feudal order that
towns represented.
15. the efforts of monarchs to consolidate their rule, and the ways in which
parliaments checked monarchical power.
16. the causes for reforming the church in the high Middle Ages.
17. the founding of universities and the interests of medieval scholars in theology.
18. the crusades as one of the earliest movements of western expansion.
Lecture/Discussion Topics
1. What do the words “modern” and “anti-modern” mean? What are some
characteristics of modern societies? Do some modern societies retain features that
are anti-modern?
2. What were the classical virtues expounded by the Greeks? Are those ideals still
relevant today?
3. How was the pax Romana enforced and administrated?
4. What kinds of people found early Christianity appealing? Why? How did the new
religion spread around the Mediterranean world?
5. What was the contradiction between Roman rule and Christianity? How was it
resolved?
6. Why did Christianity provoke a revolution intellectually?
7. How were the barbarians incorporated into Roman society? In what ways did
Roman law and political organization clash with Germanic customs? What
aspects of Germanic culture did they maintain?
8. How did life for the average person change as the Roman Empire declined?
9. What events and transformations helped Europe emerge as a political and
geographical unit around 1000?
10. If you were a peasant during the Middle Ages, what changes in agricultural
practices might you have incorporated into your own farming practices? What
benefits would those innovations have brought to you and your family?
11. Slavery in western Europe disappeared as serfdom became more entrenched.
What was the significance of the shift to serfdom? Compare the rights of serfs and
slaves.
12. Did the reciprocity of the feudalistic order benefit peasants? Why or why not? If
not, whom did the system benefit?
13. What were the economic and political origins of towns? How did townspeople
free themselves from feudal lords? What liberties did they enjoy, as a community
and as individuals?
14. How did townspeople interact with serfs in the surrounding countryside? What
benefits might contact with town life offer serfs?
15. How did guilds function? What was their role in town life, and more generally, in
the medieval economy?
16. How did long distance trade increase opportunities for serfs and townspeople
alike?
17. How did the Frankish kings use both Roman and Germanic customs to build the
empire that reached its zenith under Charlemagne? How did they interact with the
papacy?
18. Imagine you are a monarch in the Middle Ages. How might you increase your
revenues and consolidate control over a large territory? Who might resist your
policies?
19. How did Pope Gregory VII hope to reform the church? What were his ideals?
Who stood in the way of the realization of those ideals?
20. Imagine you are a student at a medieval university. Which subjects would you
likely study? What kinds of pursuits would your studies prepare you for upon
graduation? What kinds of topics might you debate with friends in your free time?
21. Was the struggle between secular power and papal authority resolved with the
spread of Christianity? Why or why not?
22. Why was it so important to medieval scholars to resolve the seeming
contradiction between faith and reason? Explain the conflict and discuss the
solution that scholasticism proposed.
23. How much contact did Arabs and Europeans have during the Middle Ages?
Describe the nature of those encounters, and what Europeans gained or lost from
them.
24. Consider the lives of women during the Middle Ages. Taking into consideration
class differences, what kinds of opportunities did medieval society offer to
peasant women, the wives and daughters of craftsmen and merchants, and noble
women? How did medieval society restrict opportunities for women?
25. Evaluate the crusades. How successful were they in achieving their goals? In what
ways did the crusades represent a fusing of Christianity and feudalism?
26. In what ways was the rise of Europe an accomplished fact by 1300? Of the
ancient civilizations and assimilated peoples, which ones had shown the greatest
influence in shaping this new civilization?
Chapter 2
The Upheaval in Western Christendom, 1300-1560
Chapter Summary
Latin Christendom underwent a series of crises and disasters beginning in the thirteenth
century that would accelerate the long process of secularization. The plague triggered
social revolt, to which rulers and the nobility responded violently. The crisis in papal
authority in the fourteenth century encouraged the rise of sects and calls for reform. By
the sixteenth century, criticisms of Catholic practices and the corruption of the church
culminated in the emergence of Protestantism. Catholics responded to the spread of
Protestantism with a renewed commitment to missionary activities. Both Catholicism and
Protestantism sought to enforce religious conformity, often through the state. Meanwhile,
the cultural contributions of the Renaissance had transformed the arts, literature, and
conceptions of the human experience, politics, and religion. The Italians paved the way
for a more secular outlook on life, while the northern Renaissance thinkers grappled with
Christianity and the challenge of restoring its vitality. National monarchs sought to
control all aspects of government within their domains, including religion, reinforcing the
reality of religious divisions among European societies.
Chapter Outline
2.5 Disasters of the Fourteenth Century
a. The Black Death and Its Consequences
i. The Black Death
ii. Revolts and repression
iii. The Hundred Years’ War
b. Troubles of the Medieval Church
i. The “Babylonian Captivity”
ii. The Great Schism
iii. Responses to crisis
iv. Lollards and Hussites
c. The Conciliar Movement
i. General councils
ii. Church corruption and indulgences
iii. The Renaissance popes
2.6 The Renaissance in Italy
a. The Italian Cities and the New Conception of Life
i. The Italian city-states
ii. The Medici family
iii. A secular conception of life
iv. Individualism
v. Realism in sculpture and painting
b. Humanism: The Birth of “Literature”
i. Humanists and Latin
ii. The vernacular
iii. Petrarch
iv. The humanists
v. Modern critical methods
c. Schooling, Manners, and Family Life
i. Renaissance education
ii. The “courtier”
iii. Renaissance marriages
d. Politics and the Italian Renaissance
i. Machiavelli
ii. Italian vulnerability
2.7 The Renaissance Outside of Italy
a. Religious Scholarship and Science
i. Christian humanists
ii. German contributions to early modern science
b. Mysticism and Lay Religion
i. Mysticism and the individual soul
ii. The Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life
c. Erasmus of Rotterdam
i. Erasmus of Rotterdam
2.8 The New Monarchies
a. The New Monarchy in England, France, and Spain
i. The Tudors
ii. The Valois
iii. Aragon and Castile
iv. Fusing the national and the Catholic
b. The Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburg Supremacy
i. The Hapsburgs
ii. Charles V
2.9 The Protestant Reformation
a. Luther and Lutheranism
i. Luther’s “justification by faith”
ii. Luther’s criticisms of the church
iii. Social revolution
iv. Luther’s reaction
v. Political rebellion
vi. Charles’s appeals to the papacy
vii. The Peace of Augsburg
b. Calvin and Calvinism
i. Calvin’s Doctrines
ii. Predestination
iii. Calvin’s Geneva
iv. The spread of Calvinism
v. Calvinism and democracy
c. The Reformation in England
i. Henry VIII
ii. The Act of Supremacy
iii. The Church of England
d. The Consolidation of Protestantism by 1560
i. What Protestants held in common
ii. Protestants and family life
2.10 Catholicism Reformed and Reorganized
a. The Council of Trent
i. Preserving papal authority
ii. The Council of Trent: defining Catholic doctrine
b. The Counter Crusade
i. Catholic religious renewal
ii. The Jesuits
iii. Enforcing religious conformity
Learning Objectives
Chapter 2 teaches students about:
1. the Black Death and the social and political repercussions of the crisis.
2. the continued struggle between the papacy and secular rulers, which led the
Babylonian Captivity, the Great Schism, and ultimately, the conciliar movement.
3. the Renaissance in Italy, and the ways in which the cultural life of the Italian citystates influenced developments in the rest of Europe.
4. the new secular conception of life, and the replacement of collective responsibility
by a new focus on individualism.
5. the humanists, their role in popularizing the vernacular and their forging of
modern critical methods and literary styles.
6. the new political philosophy introduced by Machiavelli.
7. the Renaissance in northern Europe, in which religion played a greater role.
8. the new monarchs of Europe, who laid the foundations for the national, or
territorial, state.
9. the dissatisfactions of the common people, the middle classes, and the rulers with
the church.
10. Luther’s criticisms of the church, and social and political rebellions that
Lutheranism provoked.
11. Calvinism and its commonalities and differences with Lutheranism.
12. the founding of the Church of England.
13. Catholic responses to the Protestant Reformation, such as the Council of Trent
and the counter crusade.
Lecture/Discussion Topics
1. How did the Black Death lead to gains for the common people? How did the
disaster complicate the goals of the new monarchs?
2. How did the successes of the medieval church contribute to its weaknesses?
3. How did ordinary Christians respond to the crisis of the church? What were the
principles guiding the Lollards and the Hussites?
4. What was the outcome of the conciliar movement? Did the councils resolve the
crisis of the church?
5. What made the Italian city-states so dynamic? How did economic dynamism spill
over into cultural life?
6. Why were the ethics of the ancient thinkers so crucial to the development of
Renaissance thought in Italy? How was the influence of the ancients seen in the
arts?
7. How did Petrarch’s writings exemplify the contradictory nature of Renaissance
ideas?
8. Imagine yourself a student in Renaissance Italy. How would your education differ
from a medieval education? What skills would you gain from receiving an
education?
9. Describe the ideal man and woman according to Castiglione’s conceptions of
court life.
10. How did Machiavelli’s views on politics differ from those of previous
theoreticians of politics? In what ways did the new monarchs demonstrate
Machiavelli’s ideas?
11. How did northern Renaissance thinkers demonstrate their preoccupation with
Christianity?
12. How did mysticism and lay religion criticize the church without being considered
heretical?
13. What kinds of claims to legitimacy did the new monarchs make? How did they
counter the power of nobles? How did they use law to legitimate their rule?
14. How did the Spanish monarchy use religion to strengthen their rule?
15. What kinds of concerns did Habsburg rule raise throughout Europe, especially
under Charles V?
16. What kinds of political discontent fueled the Reformation in Germany? How did
Lutheranism facilitate the political and social demands of both peasants and
nobility?
17. Describe Luther’s interactions with the church. What events led to his
excommunication? Do you think he intended to break with the church when he
began voicing his criticisms?
18. Why did the papacy not respond to Charles’s appeals for assistance and
intervention?
19. Assess the Peace of Augsburg. Whom did the settlement favor? Did it establish
religious freedom?
20. Explain Calvin’s theory of predestination. If one’s fate has already been decided,
then why did Calvinism encourage such pious living in places like Geneva?
21. How did Calvinism encourage democracy?
22. What was the Act of Supremacy? Why did Henry VIII seek to circumvent the
pope’s authority?
23. How did the English become Protestant under Elizabeth?
24. What was the relationship, if any, between Protestantism and capitalism?
25. What changes in family life did Protestantism encourage? Did Protestantism
increase or decrease opportunities for women’s autonomy?
26. What were the main issues addressed by the Council of Trent? Did the Council
preserve papal authority? How did it define Catholic doctrine?
27. What role did missionaries play in the Counter Reformation? How did Catholic
missionaries differ from Protestant outside of Europe?
28. In what ways were the Jesuits different from other monastic orders? How did their
work implicate them in the political intrigues of the day?
29. How was religious conformity enforced among Catholics and Protestants? How
did government play a role in enforcement?