Download Homeostasis

Word
1
homeostasis
TAKS BIOLOGY: 30 KEY TERMS
Definition
Memory tip / diagram
“normal,” regulated,
staying the same or
equal
plant-based nutrient
AKA “sugar” or
“starch”
2
carbohydrate
ring-shaped
fat, usually animalbased
AKA “oil” or
“grease”
3
lipid
Carbon backbone
with hydrogen
usually animal
muscle
chain of amino acids
4
protein
Carbon backbone with
hydrogen AND
nitrogen
homeo - same
sta – stay
sis- process
In a sentence
Cold-blooded animals like
snakes and spiders eat
infrequently because their
bodies require less energy to
maintain homeostasis; they
rely on the sun to warm their
bodies.
Diabetics take insulin to
maintain homeostasis.
Sweating, shivering and thirst
are all natural ways that our
bodies maintain
homeostasis.
Carbohydrates are ring-shaped
sugar molecules that come
mostly from plants (fruits
and vegetables.)
Carbohydrates are the nutrient
source that the human body
uses first during digestion.
Lipids are long chain-shaped
molecules that come from
animal tissue (the fat on
meat), animal byproducts
(milk, cheese) or oily plants
like seeds and nuts.
Lipids are the nutrient source
that the human body uses
second during digestion.
Unused lipid calories are
stored for later use in the
body.
Proteins are chain or ribbonshaped molecules that
usually come from lean
animal muscle tissue (meat)
or combining several
vegetable sources (rice and
beans or peanut butter and
wheat bread.)
Since protein is so important for
building and maintaining
cells, the body uses its
TAKS BIOLOGY: 30 KEY TERMS
protein only as a last resort
during digestion.
molecules that hold
the genetic code
5
nucleic acid
examples:
DNA and RNA
6
7
8
enzyme
circulatory
system
digestive
system
substance that
speeds up chemical
reactions
DNA is a nucleic acid that is the
unique genetic code of every
living thing.
When we eat cells (food) we are
also eating nucleic acid!
The enzyme “amylase” in our
saliva starts digesting
carbohydrates before we
even swallow!
Enzymes’ names often start with
the molecule they work on
and end in –ase; so “lipase”
breaks down lipids, and
“sucrase” breaks down
sucrose.
carries materials
The circulatory system acts like
a milkman delivering milk
and picking up the empty
bottles: the pumping blood
delivers fresh oxygen from
the lungs to the cells of the
body, and at each cell, blood
picks up a bit of waste—
carbon dioxide—to take to
the air sacs of the lungs for
disposal.
breaks down food
The digestive system starts with
the mouth and ends with the
rectum.
The circulatory system (blood)
takes the food molecules
that the digestive system has
broken down out to the cells
of the body.
TAKS BIOLOGY: 30 KEY TERMS
9
10
12
13
controls activities
The nervous system is made up
of the nerves and MOST
importantly, the BRAIN!
The system that acts as the
body’s control center is the
nervous system.
endocrine
system
glands that secrete
hormones
The endocrine system is made
up of glands that secrete
hormones to regulate
growth and development
and body functions like sugar
balance and sleep. Target
cells have receptor sites that
“match” only the hormone
that can turn them on.
reproductive
system
makes cells that can
become offspring
Some animals have a
reproductive system that
includes a laying hard-shelled
egg.
protects internal
organs, regulates
temperature and
water loss
The integumentary system is
made up of the skin, hair and
nails.
Without the integumentary
system, our organs would fall
out of our bodies!
protects and
supports
Animals like the grasshopper
have an external skeletal
system, known as an
exoskeleton.
Without the human skeletal
system, movement would be
extremely difficult!
nervous
system
integumentary
system
skeletal
system
TAKS BIOLOGY: 30 KEY TERMS
14
respiratory
system
get oxygen
releases carbon
dioxide
Some small animals’ respiratory
system is very simple—the
planaria worm breathes
through its skin!
A common cold and pneumonia
are both infections on the
respiratory system.
The respiratory system inhales
fresh oxygen to deliver to the
circulatory system (blood)
and exhales carbon dioxide,
cellular waste.
15
muscular
system
allows movement
The elephant’s muscular system
is amazing—over 250,000
muscles in the trunk alone!
Movement would be impossible
without the muscular
system.
16
excretory
system
gets rid of liquid
waste
The excretory system is also
known as the urinary system.
immune
system
fights off invaders
The immune system is like the
body’s army—it fights off
invaders like bacteria and
other foreign materials.
Crocodiles have immune
systems that are extremely
good at killing many types of
bacteria.
positive
feedback
change causes more
and more of the
same change.
Domino effect
In positive feedback loops, one
changes leads to a domino
effectwhen scabs form, the
injury site releases a trigger
to activate platelets.
Activated platelets then
17
18
TAKS BIOLOGY: 30 KEY TERMS
19
negative
feedback
change that reaches
a threshold then
stops
20
stimulus
anything to which an
organism reacts
21
response
reaction to
something
metabolism
set of chemical
reactions that allow
life to grow,
reproduce, maintain,
respond
22
cause the release of more
activated platelets.
In a negative feedback loop,
conditions vary up or down
to a threshold, which then
triggers a stop. One example
of a negative feedback loop
is internal body temperature
regulation, which works like
a home thermostat.
The dog responded to the
hotdog stimulus by
salivating.
When I exited the movie theatre
during the hot afternoon,
the sunlight stimulated
me to shield my eyes.
My response to the Principal’s
question was nervous
fast
When I started exercising, my
metabolism sped up so that I
needed to eat many more
calories during the day than
when I was a couch potato.
slow
23
24
25
tiny structures inside
cells
The nucleus is a large organelle
that hold the cell’s DNA.
cell
basic unit of life
Every living thing is made of one
or more cells.
Cancer is uncontrolled cell
reproduction.
tissue
group of cells
working together
Tissue samples (plants, human
skin, etc.) can be cloned to
make identical copies.
organelle
TAKS BIOLOGY: 30 KEY TERMS
26
organ
group of tissues
working together
The skin is the largest organ in
the human body.
27
organ system
group of organs
working together
The organ systems in a healthy
body work together to
maintain homeostasis.
28
organism
a living thing that
can carry out all of
life’s activities
Plants, animals, fungi, protists,
and even bacteria are
organisms.
anything from the 6 kingdoms
29
maintain
to keep in its
existing state,
support
30
helper T cells
white blood cells
attacked by the HIV
virus
I work hard to maintain my
grades.
It takes a lot of work to maintain
a home!
Helper T cells are white blood
cells that act like a school
crossing guard—they
direct the other white
blood cells where to go
and what to fight.
The HIV virus reproduces in
Helper T cells, which
eventually destroys these
white blood cells.
When the Helper T cells are
destroyed, their signals
to fight off other
invaders are no longer
sent, so the person is in
danger of contracting
other diseases.