Download CHAPTER 2--THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

CHAPTER 2--THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY
THEORY
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1.
In Europe during the Middle Ages, it was believed that ____.
A. all species had evolved from a common ancestor
B. evolution was the result of natural selection acting upon genetic variation
C. all forms were created by God and did not change over time
D. most species had become extinct over time
E. life was created slowly, over millions of years
2.
Well into the 19th century in Europe, there were widely held beliefs inhibiting the acceptance of
biological evolution. What did these concepts include?
A. the notion that species did not change
B. a recent origin of life on earth
C. the concept that species were continuously changing
D. all of these
E. A and B only
3.
What is the belief that species do not change but are the same as when first created known as?
A. fixity of species
B. the Great Chain of Being
C. heliocentrism
D. uniformitarianism
E. natural selection
4.
The belief that structures were created in order to fit the functions they serve was the basis for which of
the following?
A. theory of uniformitarianism
B. theory of natural selection
C. theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
D. theory of catastrophism
E. argument from design
5.
What is the name of the Irish archbishop who argued that the world was created in 4004 B.C.?
A. Copernicus
B. Linnaeus
C. uniformitarianism
D. Ussher
E. Lyell
1
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
6.
Several events had combined to alter Western Europeans' ideas about the earth by the 18th century. What
did these include?
A. the circumnavigation of the globe
B. the discovery of the New World
C. the notion of a sun-centered universe
D. all of these
E. A and B only
7.
By the 17th century, some scientists were beginning to break with long-held traditions and sought to
investigate ____.
A. natural phenomena
B. the supernatural forces that created life
C. the structure of the DNA molecule
D. how genetic mutations occur
E. none of these
8.
Who first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such
groups by their ability to reproduce?
A. John Ray
B. Charles Darwin
C. Carolus Linnaeus
D. Alfred Russel Wallace
E. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
9.
Who refined the existing system of classifying biological organisms into a binomial system?
A. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
B. Georges Cuvier
C. Carolus Linnaeus
D. Comte de Buffon
E. Erasmus Darwin
10. Carolus Linnaeus ____.
A. established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals
B. was a proponent of evolutionary change
C. opposed all notions of fixity of species
D. was a supporter of Charles Darwin
E. developed theories of natural selection
11. ____ was an 18th century thinker who believed that living forms changed in response to the environment
yet still rejected the idea that one species could give rise to another.
A. Alfred Russel Wallace
B. Comte de Buffon
C. Erasmus Darwin
D. John Ray
E. Georges Cuvier
12. Charles Darwin was not the first to conceive of evolutionary change. Who preceded him?
A. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
B. Erasmus Darwin
C. Comte de Buffon
D. all of these
E. none of these
2
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13. Who was the first to actually attempt to explain the mechanism by which species change?
A. Carolus Linnaeus
B. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
C. Charles Lyell
D. Charles Darwin
E. Erasmus Darwin
14. Who was the first to recognize the role of the environment as a significant factor in evolutionary
change?
A. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
B. Georges Cuvier
C. Thomas Malthus
D. Charles Darwin
E. Charles Lyell
15. Who coined the term "biology"?
A. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
B. Georges Cuvier
C. Thomas Malthus
D. Charles Darwin
E. Charles Lyell
16. What is the term for the theory stating that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual
could be passed on to that individual's offspring?
A. natural selection
B. catastrophism
C. use-disuse theory
D. uniformitarianism
E. fixity of species
17. What is the view that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern forms could be
explained by a series of disasters and creations known as?
A. natural selection
B. catastrophism
C. use-disuse theory
D. uniformitarianism
E. descent with modification
18. Who was the opponent of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and the proposer of the theory of catastrophism?
A. Charles Lyell
B. Alfred Russel Wallace
C. Thomas Malthus
D. Erasmus Darwin
E. Georges Cuvier
19. Who wrote Principles of Geology and emphasized the principle of uniformitarianism?
A. Charles Darwin
B. Charles Lyell
C. Alfred Russel Wallace
D. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
E. Thomas Malthus
3
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
20. Thomas Malthus ____.
A. proposed that population size is kept in check by the limited availability of resources
B. wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population
C. influenced the development of Darwin's and Wallace's theories of natural selection
D. all of these
E. A and B only
21. Who proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than food supplies?
A. Erasmus Darwin
B. Alfred Russel Wallace
C. Thomas Malthus
D. Charles Lyell
E. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
22. Which concept, proposed by Charles Lyell, had a profound effect on 19th century scientific thought?
A. recent origins for earth
B. the role of catastrophic events in producing geological phenomena
C. natural selection
D. the immense age of the earth
E. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
23. The principle of uniformitarianism ____.
A. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present
B. was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories
C. proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old
D. was the same as the theory of catastrophism
E. was first proposed by Georges Cuvier
24. What is Mary Anning credited with?
A. the principle of uniformitarianism
B. being the co-discoverer of natural selection
C. finding numerous important fossils during the 19th
century
D. finding numerous important fossils during the 18th century
E. none of these
25. Charles Darwin ____.
A. grew up in modest circumstances
B. began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s
C. received no formal education
D. spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selection
E. was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby
26. In formulating his theory of natural selection, Darwin ____.
A. recognized the importance of biological variation within a population
B. applied his knowledge of domesticated species to undomesticated ones
C. appreciated the fact that population size is limited by availability of food
D. all of these
E. none of these
4
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
27. The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those
who possess less favorable traits is the basis for which theory?
A. uniformitarianism
B. natural selection
C. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
D. catastrophism
E. the fixity of species
28. Which of the following concepts did NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution?
A. Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies.
B. There is competition among individuals for resources.
C. Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important.
D. There is biological variation in all members of a species.
E. Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time.
29. Darwin ____.
A. was reluctant to publish his theories
B. wrote his theory of natural selection while still on board the Beagle
C. published his theories as soon as he returned from his voyage on the Beagle
D. was not concerned with public opinion and did not mind if his theories were criticized
E. knew his friends and colleagues would not be affected by the publication of his theory
30. Which contemporary of Charles Darwin also developed a theory of evolution by means of natural
selection?
A. Charles Lyell
B. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
C. Erasmus Darwin
D. Alfred Russel Wallace
E. Georges Cuvier
31. Regarding the example of the peppered moth, ____.
A. the two color patterns resulted from genetic variation in the species
B. it has recently come under criticism
C. natural selection acted upon pre-existing variation in the population
D. all of these
E. A and C only
32. Which is the best example of natural selection?
A. the peppered moth
B. the medium ground finch of the Galápagos
C. the recent INCREASE in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms
D. the recent DECREASE in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms
E. none of these
33. "Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's ____.
A. strength
B. reproductive success
C. aggressiveness
D. size
E. age at death
5
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
34. When it came to explaining the origins of variation within species, Darwin ____.
A. used Mendel's theory of heredity
B. agreed with Lamarck that it was caused by an animal's inner needs
C. argued it was caused by differential use of an animal's body parts
D. had no idea of the true causes
E. none of these
35. Which is among the reasons that about half of Americans believe that evolution does not occur?
A. the mechanisms of evolution are simple and easily explained
B. the mechanisms of evolution are complex and do not lend themselves to simple explanations
C. most people possess extensive familiarity with the principles of genetics
D. A and C only
E. all of these
36. Evolution is a theory that has considerable support from genetic evidence.
True
False
37. The concept of evolution is unique to Western science.
True
False
38. Erasmus Darwin is credited with significantly influencing Charles Darwin's evolutionary thinking.
True
False
39. The theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics has recently displaced natural selection as
mainstream science's most accepted theory of evolutionary change.
True
False
40. Charles Lyell, author of Principles of Geology, is considered the founder of modern geology.
True
False
41. Charles Darwin recognized the importance of beak variation in finches while visiting the Galápagos
Islands.
True
False
42. Charles Darwin acknowledged the importance of sexual reproduction when formulating his theory of
natural selection.
True
False
43. Charles Darwin refrained from immediately publishing his theory of natural selection because he was
aware of its controversial nature.
True
False
44. There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating in natural populations.
True
False
45. Creationism is considered a science because it has testable hypotheses.
True
False
6
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
46. Explain how traditionally held views prevented wide acceptance of evolutionary theories in 19th century
Europe and America. Give a specific example.
47. Outline Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. According to this theory, what was
the environment's role in biological change?
48. Discuss the ideas of two individuals who significantly affected Darwin's formulation of the theory of
natural selection.
49. How is natural selection related to environmental factors? How can selective pressures change? Give an
example.
7
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
50. Although natural selection acts on the individual, it is argued that populations evolve. Explain.
51. Discuss the definition of fitness as it pertains to natural selection.
52. Many people argue that evolution is "only a theory." Define theory, and then describe how evolution
does or does not fit the definition.
53. Discuss the role of differential fertility in natural selection.
8
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
54. Many people in the United States believe in the Biblical creation. What factors may account for the fact
that many people do not accept evolution as an explanation for the origins and diversity of life?
55. Explain why Charles Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism was important to Charles Darwin and Alfred
Russel Wallace as they developed their theories of biological evolution.
9
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
CHAPTER 2--THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY
THEORY Key
1.
In Europe during the Middle Ages, it was believed that ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2.
Well into the 19th century in Europe, there were widely held beliefs inhibiting the acceptance of
biological evolution. What did these concepts include?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3.
theory of uniformitarianism
theory of natural selection
theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
theory of catastrophism
argument from design
What is the name of the Irish archbishop who argued that the world was created in 4004 B.C.?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
6.
fixity of species
the Great Chain of Being
heliocentrism
uniformitarianism
natural selection
The belief that structures were created in order to fit the functions they serve was the basis for which
of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
5.
the notion that species did not change
a recent origin of life on earth
the concept that species were continuously changing
all of these
A and B only
What is the belief that species do not change but are the same as when first created known as?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
4.
all species had evolved from a common ancestor
evolution was the result of natural selection acting upon genetic variation
all forms were created by God and did not change over time
most species had become extinct over time
life was created slowly, over millions of years
Copernicus
Linnaeus
uniformitarianism
Ussher
Lyell
Several events had combined to alter Western Europeans' ideas about the earth by the 18th century.
What did these include?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
the circumnavigation of the globe
the discovery of the New World
the notion of a sun-centered universe
all of these
A and B only
1
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
7.
By the 17th century, some scientists were beginning to break with long-held traditions and sought to
investigate ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
8.
Who first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such
groups by their ability to reproduce?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
9.
Alfred Russel Wallace
Comte de Buffon
Erasmus Darwin
John Ray
Georges Cuvier
Charles Darwin was not the first to conceive of evolutionary change. Who preceded him?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
13.
established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals
was a proponent of evolutionary change
opposed all notions of fixity of species
was a supporter of Charles Darwin
developed theories of natural selection
____ was an 18th century thinker who believed that living forms changed in response to the
environment yet still rejected the idea that one species could give rise to another.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
12.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Georges Cuvier
Carolus Linnaeus
Comte de Buffon
Erasmus Darwin
Carolus Linnaeus ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
11.
John Ray
Charles Darwin
Carolus Linnaeus
Alfred Russel Wallace
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Who refined the existing system of classifying biological organisms into a binomial system?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
10.
natural phenomena
the supernatural forces that created life
the structure of the DNA molecule
how genetic mutations occur
none of these
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Erasmus Darwin
Comte de Buffon
all of these
none of these
Who was the first to actually attempt to explain the mechanism by which species change?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Carolus Linnaeus
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Lyell
Charles Darwin
Erasmus Darwin
2
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
14.
Who was the first to recognize the role of the environment as a significant factor in evolutionary
change?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
15.
Who coined the term "biology"?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
16.
Charles Lyell
Alfred Russel Wallace
Thomas Malthus
Erasmus Darwin
Georges Cuvier
Who wrote Principles of Geology and emphasized the principle of uniformitarianism?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
20.
natural selection
catastrophism
use-disuse theory
uniformitarianism
descent with modification
Who was the opponent of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and the proposer of the theory of catastrophism?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
19.
natural selection
catastrophism
use-disuse theory
uniformitarianism
fixity of species
What is the view that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern forms could be
explained by a series of disasters and creations known as?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
18.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Georges Cuvier
Thomas Malthus
Charles Darwin
Charles Lyell
What is the term for the theory stating that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an
individual could be passed on to that individual's offspring?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
17.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Georges Cuvier
Thomas Malthus
Charles Darwin
Charles Lyell
Charles Darwin
Charles Lyell
Alfred Russel Wallace
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Thomas Malthus
Thomas Malthus ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
proposed that population size is kept in check by the limited availability of resources
wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population
influenced the development of Darwin's and Wallace's theories of natural selection
all of these
A and B only
3
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
21.
Who proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than food supplies?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
22.
Which concept, proposed by Charles Lyell, had a profound effect on 19th century scientific thought?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
23.
grew up in modest circumstances
began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s
received no formal education
spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selection
was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby
In formulating his theory of natural selection, Darwin ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
27.
the principle of uniformitarianism
being the co-discoverer of natural selection
finding numerous important fossils during the 19th
century
finding numerous important fossils during the 18th century
none of these
Charles Darwin ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
26.
stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present
was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories
proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old
was the same as the theory of catastrophism
was first proposed by Georges Cuvier
What is Mary Anning credited with?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
25.
recent origins for earth
the role of catastrophic events in producing geological phenomena
natural selection
the immense age of the earth
the inheritance of acquired characteristics
The principle of uniformitarianism ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
24.
Erasmus Darwin
Alfred Russel Wallace
Thomas Malthus
Charles Lyell
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
recognized the importance of biological variation within a population
applied his knowledge of domesticated species to undomesticated ones
appreciated the fact that population size is limited by availability of food
all of these
none of these
The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than
those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for which theory?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
uniformitarianism
natural selection
the inheritance of acquired characteristics
catastrophism
the fixity of species
4
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
28.
Which of the following concepts did NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
29.
Darwin ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
30.
the peppered moth
the medium ground finch of the Galápagos
the recent INCREASE in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms
the recent DECREASE in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms
none of these
"Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
34.
the two color patterns resulted from genetic variation in the species
it has recently come under criticism
natural selection acted upon pre-existing variation in the population
all of these
A and C only
Which is the best example of natural selection?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
33.
Charles Lyell
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Erasmus Darwin
Alfred Russel Wallace
Georges Cuvier
Regarding the example of the peppered moth, ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
32.
was reluctant to publish his theories
wrote his theory of natural selection while still on board the Beagle
published his theories as soon as he returned from his voyage on the Beagle
was not concerned with public opinion and did not mind if his theories were criticized
knew his friends and colleagues would not be affected by the publication of his theory
Which contemporary of Charles Darwin also developed a theory of evolution by means of natural
selection?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
31.
Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies.
There is competition among individuals for resources.
Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important.
There is biological variation in all members of a species.
Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time.
strength
reproductive success
aggressiveness
size
age at death
When it came to explaining the origins of variation within species, Darwin ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
used Mendel's theory of heredity
agreed with Lamarck that it was caused by an animal's inner needs
argued it was caused by differential use of an animal's body parts
had no idea of the true causes
none of these
5
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
35.
Which is among the reasons that about half of Americans believe that evolution does not occur?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
36.
the mechanisms of evolution are simple and easily explained
the mechanisms of evolution are complex and do not lend themselves to simple explanations
most people possess extensive familiarity with the principles of genetics
A and C only
all of these
Evolution is a theory that has considerable support from genetic evidence.
TRUE
37.
The concept of evolution is unique to Western science.
FALSE
38.
Erasmus Darwin is credited with significantly influencing Charles Darwin's evolutionary thinking.
FALSE
39.
The theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics has recently displaced natural selection as
mainstream science's most accepted theory of evolutionary change.
FALSE
40.
Charles Lyell, author of Principles of Geology, is considered the founder of modern geology.
TRUE
41.
Charles Darwin recognized the importance of beak variation in finches while visiting the Galápagos
Islands.
FALSE
42.
Charles Darwin acknowledged the importance of sexual reproduction when formulating his theory of
natural selection.
TRUE
43.
Charles Darwin refrained from immediately publishing his theory of natural selection because he was
aware of its controversial nature.
TRUE
44.
There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating in natural populations.
FALSE
45.
Creationism is considered a science because it has testable hypotheses.
FALSE
46.
Explain how traditionally held views prevented wide acceptance of evolutionary theories in 19th
century Europe and America. Give a specific example.
Answer not provided.
6
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
47.
Outline Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. According to this theory, what
was the environment's role in biological change?
Answer not provided.
48.
Discuss the ideas of two individuals who significantly affected Darwin's formulation of the theory of
natural selection.
Answer not provided.
49.
How is natural selection related to environmental factors? How can selective pressures change? Give
an example.
Answer not provided.
50.
Although natural selection acts on the individual, it is argued that populations evolve. Explain.
Answer not provided.
51.
Discuss the definition of fitness as it pertains to natural selection.
Answer not provided.
52.
Many people argue that evolution is "only a theory." Define theory, and then describe how evolution
does or does not fit the definition.
Answer not provided.
53.
Discuss the role of differential fertility in natural selection.
Answer not provided.
7
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain
54.
Many people in the United States believe in the Biblical creation. What factors may account for the
fact that many people do not accept evolution as an explanation for the origins and diversity of life?
Answer not provided.
55.
Explain why Charles Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism was important to Charles Darwin and
Alfred Russel Wallace as they developed their theories of biological evolution.
Answer not provided.
8
Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-physical-anthropology-7th-edition-jurmain