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Transcript
LIVING THINGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Chapter 12 Goodman’s Mouse Lemur Golden Brown Mouse Lemur Grey Mouse Lemur What does an Organism get from its Environment? • What is an organism? • They live in different types of surroundings or environments. • From their environment they get: Food Live Water to Grow Shelter Reproduce Other things • An environment that provides these things is called a habitat. What are two parts of an Organisms Habitat? •An organism interacts with both living and non-living parts of its habitat. • Biotic factors • Abiotic factors How is an Ecosystem Organized? • Most organisms live together in populations and communities that interact with abiotic factors within their ecosystem. Organisms •Species – a group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce. Populations •All members of one species living in a particular area. Communities •A particular area that contains more than one species of organisms. Ecosystem •The community of organisms that live in a particular area along with their non-living environment. • Ecology – the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment. POPULATIONS How do Populations Change in Size? • Populations can change in size when new members join the population or when members leave the population. • Most common ways: • Birth rate • Death rate If the birth rate > death rate, population size increases. If the death rate > birth rate, population size decreases. Losing Friends • Indiana bats eat pests that bother both people and crops. These bats hibernate in large groups during the winter in a few caves in the Midwest. What does the graph show you about the bat population in recent years? Immigration & Emmigration • The size of a population can also change when individuals move into or out of the population. • Immigration – moving into a population • Emmigration – leaving a population • Example: Changes in a Rabbit Population • This graph shows how the size of a rabbit population changed over ten years. What Factors Limit Population Growth? • Limiting Factor – an environmental factor that causes a population to stop growing or decrease in size. • Four examples of limiting factors 1. 2. 3. 4. Climate/weather Space Food Water Climate/Weather • Changes in climate conditions, such as temperature and the amount of rainfall, can place severe limits on the growth of a population. • Examples: Space • Examples: • Gannets • Plants Food & Water • Organisms require food and water to survive. • When food and water are in limited supply, they can be limiting factors. • Example: • Carrying capacity – the largest population that an area can support. INTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS How Do Adaptations Help an Organism Survive? • Natural Selection • Individuals unique characteristics are well-suited for an environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. • Offspring inherit these characteristics also live to reproduce. • Poorly suited characteristics may disappear from a species. • Adaptations • The result of natural selection • The behaviors and physical characteristics that allow an organism to live successfully in their environments. • If a species cannot adapt to changes in its environment, the entire species can disappear from Earth and become extinct. • Example: Arctic hare How Do Adaptations Help an Organism Survive? • Niche – A specific role of an organism in its habitat. • Included in a niche: • What type of food the organism eats • How it obtains this food • What other organisms eat it • How and when the organism reproduces • The physical conditions it requires to survive • Every organism has a variety of adaptations that are suited to its specific living conditions and help it survive. Types of Interactions • Competition – the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources. • Examples: • flycatcher and elf owl • Weeds in a garden • In an ecosystem, there are limited amounts of food, water, and shelter. • Organisms that share the same habitat often have adaptations that enable them to reduce competition. Types of Interactions • Predation – an interaction in which one organism kills another for food of nutrients. • Predator • Prey • Effects on the population size • Too many predators often result in a decrease in the size of the prey population. • A decrease in the number of prey often results in less food for predators, which can cause the predator population to decline. Predator-Prey Interactions • What variable is plotted on the horizontal axis? What two variables are plotted on the vertical axis? • How did the moose population change between 2002 and 2007? What happened to the wolf population from 2003 through 2006? • How might the change in the moose population have led to the change in the wolf population? • What adaptations does a wolf have that make it a successful predator? • How might disease in the wolf population one year affect the moose population the next year? On Isle Royale, an island in Lake Superior, the populations of wolves (the predator) and moose (the prey) rise and fall in cycles. Types of interactions • Symbiosis – any relationship in which two species live closely together and at least one of the species benefits. • Three main types of symbiotic relationships: • Mutualism – a relationship in which both species benefit. • Example • Commensalism – a relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed. • Example • Parasitism – a relationship that involves one organism living with, one, or inside another organism and is harming it. • Example CHANGES IN COMMUNITIES How Do Primary and Secondary Succession Differ? • Succession – the series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. • Primary succession – the series of changes that occurs in an area where no soil or organisms exist. • Example: • Pioneer species – the first species to populate an area. • Example: How Do Primary and Secondary Succession Differ? • Secondary Succession – the series of changes that occurs in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exist. • Example: • Unlike primary succession, secondary succession occurs in a place where an ecosystem currently exists. • Occurs more rapidly because the soil already exists and seeds from some plants remain in the soil. Comparison of Primary and Secondary Succession Based on the information given, what facts would complete this table?