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Introducing Plants The Sun is the source of all energy on Earth. Green plants are the link between man and the Sun. Without green plants most life on Earth would not exist. Give examples of advantages of there being a wide variety of plants There is an enormous range of plants on Earth. This variety has many advantages: There is a large range of characteristics for breeding from There is a greater choice for use as raw materials They provide different sources of food for many animals They provide a variety of habitats for many animals They maintain the gas balance of the atmosphere Green plants take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen They make homes, gardens and all ecosystems more beautiful Describe 3 specialised uses of plants There are countless ways in which man uses plants. Here are three: Food Raw materials Medicines Growing Plants All living things must reproduce to ensure that they do not become extinct. In order to reproduce, flowering plants produce seeds. Describe the functions of the three main parts of the seed of a dicotyledon, i.e. seed coat, embryo, food store Structure of a seed A seed is made up of an embryo - small undeveloped plant a food store - food supply until the plant can make its own a seed coat/testa - tough protective coat Describe the effect of temperature and the availability of water and oxygen on germination 1 Germination is the development of a plant embryo into an independent plant with green leaves. During germination the food store present is used to give the young plant energy for growth. Seeds need certain conditions in order to germinate. To germinate seeds need: Water, Oxygen, Warmth Describe the functions of the parts of flowers, i.e. sepal, petal, stamen, anther, stigma, ovary, nectary Structure Sepal Petal Stamen Function Protects the unopened flower bud Brightly coloured to attract insects Male part of the flower, contains anther and filament Produces male gametes (pollen) Top of the female part which collects the pollen Produces female sex cells (ovules) Produce sugary nectar which attracts insects Anther Stigma Ovary Nectary Describe the methods of pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. self-pollination Pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant cross-pollination Pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant There are 2 methods of pollination: Insect Wind Insect pollination Pollen is brushed onto the insect’s body when it sucks nectar from a flower. Pollen is carried by the insect. When the insect goes to another flower the pollen grains stick to the stigma. 2 Wind pollination Pollen is blown by the wind from the anther hanging outside of the flower. Pollen is carried by the wind. Pollen sticks to stigmas hanging outside of the flower. Describe fertilisation and fruit formation After fertilisation ovules become seeds each contains an embryo, a seed coat and a food store. The ovary becomes a fruit this is often fleshy and succulent (e.g. plums etc) but can also be very tough and dry (e.g. nuts) Describe ways of propagating flowering plants artificially by cuttings and grafting Man can produce new plants by artificial methods that would not take place naturally. The most common methods are: Cuttings Graftings Cuttings A piece of stem with some leaves is taken from the parent plant. It is then placed in a suitable compost to allow it to form roots. Grafting A bud or shoot of a valuable plant is taken and joined to the developed root stock of a hardy plant. 3 Describe asexual reproduction by runners and tubers Some plants can reproduce asexually (without flowers or fertilisation). Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. Many plants have special structures that allow them to reproduce sexually. Runners Side shoots grow out from the parent plant. Buds form along the runner. These obtain food and water from the parent until they grow their own roots. Eventually they become detached from the parent. e.g strawberry, spider plant runner Tubers Underground food store that stores enough food over winter to start the growth of a new plant. Each new plant can then make its own food and form several tubers for the next winter. A shoot grows from an eye. Shoot forms leaves. food made by leaves is sent down to make new tubers. plant withers but tubers stay in soil until next year e.g. potato, dahlias, crocus. Making Food Explain the need for transport systems in a plant Plants need transport systems as all parts of the plant need water (taken in through the roots) and food (made in the green parts of the plant). Plants therefore need transport systems to move these substances around. Describe the pathways of movement of water and food in xylem and phloem Xylem vessels carry water which is absorbed from the soil by the roots and is carried up to all parts of the plant. Phloem vessels carried dissolved food (sugars) from the leaves down to all parts of the plant that cannot make their own food e.g. roots, flower 4 State that plants take in carbon dioxide from the air through stomata which can open and close Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air through tiny pores on the surface of the leaves. These pores are called stomata. State that water vapour is lost through stomata Stomata open during the day and close at night State that green plants make their own food which may be stored as starch Green plants make food in the form of sugar. This sugar can be used straight away or converted into the storage carbohydrate, starch. When a plant is left in the dark it uses up its stored food, this is called destarching. State that green plants convert light energy to chemical energy using chlorophyll Chlorophyll captures light from the Sun and converts it into chemical energy which is used to make glucose Describe the process of photosynthesis in terms of raw materials and products Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use light energy to make food. Carbon dioxide + water raw materials light energy glucose + oxygen products chlorophyll 5