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CP Biology
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UNIT 2B: Biochemistry Part 1
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
http://youtu.be/QWf2jcznLsY
2.3 Carbon Compounds (Organic Chemistry)
What is the difference between ORGANIC and INORGANIC
chemistry? *Organic chemistry means the study of compounds that
contain bonds between carbon atoms; *Inorganic chemistry is the
study of all other compounds.
Why is Carbon so interesting?

Carbon has ______ valence electrons, allowing it to form
bonds with many other elements such as H, P, O, S and N.

One carbon atom can bond to another, giving it the ability to
form chains that are almost unlimited in length.

These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double or even
triple covalent bonds.

Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on themselves to
form rings. No other element comes close to matching carbon's How many bonds does a single carbon atom form to become stable?
versatility.
(HONC 1234)
_______________ bonds.
Your personal notes, summary of the lesson, and/or questions that you may have:
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*ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
 Are usually defined as compounds which contain
carbon with hydrogen. May contain additional elements
such as O, N, P, K, S, Fe, Ca, Na, Cl and others.)
 Are produced only by __________ things (biotic).
 Range from simple to very complex.
 Contain strong, covalent bonds.
 examples: _CH4, C6H12O6, SUGARS, PROTEINS,
FATS, OILS, DNA
Identify whether each of the following compounds is organic
(contains Cand H) or inorganic (does not contain carbon with H)
by placing a √ in the appropriate column. Complete the table.
Substance
1. sodium chloride (table
salt): NaCl
2. glucose: C6H12O6
3. water: H2O
4. heating oil: C14H30
*INORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
 Usually defined as compounds that do ______ contain
carbon with hydrogen. (exceptions may contain just
carbon like CO2.)
 They often can be formed in the non-living (abiotic)
environment, but :
 Can also be made by/found in living things.
 examples: ____H2O, NaCl, O2, NH3, CaCO3, CO2__
 NOTE: THE LAST TWO ARE EXCEPTIONS SINCE
THEY CONTAIN CARBON BUT ARE
CONSIDERED INORGANIC!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Organic? Inorganic?
5. chitin (a protein):
C8H12NO5
6. thymine (a nitrogenous
base): C5H5N2O2
7. sulfuric acid: H2SO4
8. oxygen gas: O2
9. ethanol: C2H5OH
10. adenosine triphosphate
(ATP): C10H16N5O13P3
11. carbon dioxide: CO2
√
√
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The General Structure of Macromolecules
http://youtu.be/PYH63o10iTE
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Many of the organic compounds produced by living things
are so ___________ that they are called *macromolecules
which means giant molecules.
Examples: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are formed through a process called
*polymerization in which large compounds are built by
joining smaller ones together.
The smaller repeating units called *_____________may be
identical or different from one another. The large
compounds which are formed from the joining of many
monomers are called *_________________.
+
2 monomers joined together are called a *__________.
+
The exception:
___________ are not composed of
monomers and polymers. Instead, they take different forms
which we will discuss later in this unit.
+
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
General
Term
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Monomer
Nucleotides
Monosaccharide
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
No monomers
C, H, O
Amino Acids
Ribose
Made up of:
C, H, O
+
Sugar
and
Phosphate
Nitrogen
Base
+
Glycerol
Made up of:
Nucleic Acids
3 FattyAcids
Made up of:
C, H, O, N
Made up of:
C, H, O, N, P
Four Types of Biologically Important Macromolecules
http://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0
What are the four major types of organic macromolecules
and what are the building blocks of each type?
http://youtu.be/FwLUh1_tkAU




__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
(In this unit, we will be focusing primarily on the
STRUCTURE or FORM of these molecules. We will
discuss their FUNCTION at appropriate points
throughout the course.)
Most of the foods we eat are made from __________
things; therefore they are composed of a variety of
different organic molecules. A well-balanced diet
provides not only the energy needed to fuel life processes
but also the materials needed for cells to build essential
molecules and cell structures.
Organic molecules must be digested and converted by
metabolic processes into molecules organisms can use.
All organisms use chemical processes to BUILD UP and
BREAK DOWN organic polymers.
Remember, there is a continual cycling of _______
throughout all ecosystems, while energy is _____
recycled
GROUP
Basic Building
Blocks
(Monomers)
Carbohydrates
M
Proteins
A
Nucleic Acids
N
Lipids
----------------
Carbohydrates
Foods in
which
they are
found
Lipids
Polymer
Nucleic
Acids
Proteins
Synthesis and Breakdown of Macromolecules
http://youtu.be/_Ai5NyQ_ttE
Two major chemical processes (metabolic reactions)
occur to build up or break down all four types of
macromolecules into larger or smaller units.
Dehydration Synthesis: http://youtu.be/VPV5J6cETuU
 *________________ ___________ is the
combination of smaller organic subunits by the
_____________of water. This chemical
reaction involves removing an –H from one
subunit and an –OH from the other subunit to A _____________________ and ________________ are
allow the subunits to bond together.
products of the Dehydration Synthesis reaction.
 *_________________is the breakdown of
macromolecules into their subunits by
___________ water. This chemical reaction
involves breaking a bond and adding an –H
and an –OH to adjacent subunits so the
molecules can exist separately.
NOTE: Water is required as a reactant
These reactions occur in both directions, depending
upon the needs of the organism.
Hydrolysis:
Water is a (reactant / product) of the reaction, Hydrolysis.
Smaller molecules are the (reactants / products) of the reaction,
Hydrolysis.
Circle the correct answers above
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Examples (Dehydration Synthesis):
To fill in the table : http://youtu.be/roOifJPTzu4
1) Carbohydrate
Organic Compound
Dehydration Synthesis
Reactant(s)
polysaccharide
carbohydrate
Lipid
(triglyceride)
2) Lipid
Product(s)
glycerol + 3 fatty
acids
protein
*Polypeptide
nucleic acid
DNA or RNA
3) Protein
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Examples (Hydrolysis):
1) Carbohydrate
Hydrolysis: ________ ________ of larger molecules to small subunits:
You can use the table from the previous page and reverse it.
Organic Compound
Hydrolysis
Reactant(s)
carbohydrate
2) Lipid
Product(s)
polysaccharide
glycerol + 3 fatty
acids
Lipid
(triglyceride)
protein
*polypeptide
nucleic acid
DNA or RNA
3) Protein
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CARBOHYDRATES http://youtu.be/_zm_DyD6FJ0
Monosaccharides
 are important for energy and cell structure.
Sometimes called ‘hydrated’ carbons. They contain
atoms of *CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN,
usually in a ratio of *1: 2: 1.
Carbohydrates differ in structural makeup. They range
from small, ______saccharides (1) (*simple sugars)
to intermediate molecules such as ___saccharides (2),
to large polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).
*GLUCOSE
Chemical Formula
*FRUCTOSE
Chemical Formula
*GALACTOSE
Chemical Formula
*RIBOSE
Chemical Formula
*Monosaccharides: single sugar molecules, the
simplest (monomer) unit of carbohydrates.
*Disaccharides: a compound made by joining two
monosaccharides together
Examples
*Sucrose - (table sugar) - made by joining ________
and _____________
Disaccharides
*Lactose - (milk sugar) - made by joining
___________ and _______________
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http://youtu.be/uI1TfJiFoeg
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
STARCH
*What differences and/or similarities do you notice about the polysaccharides above?
Important Polysaccharides Synthesized by Animals and Plants:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0ijBDroE48
 Animals consume carbohydrates in food, digest them
(hydrolysis) and then store the excess sugar by synthesizing
______________. *Glycogen is a _______________ that
many animals make to store excess sugar, sometimes referred
to as "animal starch". When the level of glucose in your blood
runs low, glycogen stored in the liver and muscles is broken
down into _____________ which is released into the blood so
it can be delivered to cells.
 Plants produce glucose during photosynthesis and use it to
synthesize ________________. *Starch is a
______________________that plants make to store excess
____________. In addition, *__________________ is another
polyssacharide made by plants. It forms tough flexible fibers
that give plants much of their strength and rigidity. Cellulose
is a major component of the _____ _________ of plant cells.
Wood and paper are made largely of cellulose! Humans
generally can't digest cellulose ("fiber"), but it helps regulate
the elimination of your solid wastes.
Examine the picture to the right.
What do starch, glycogen and cellulose have in common?
1) ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2) ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3) ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________
*LIPIDS - http://youtu.be/VGHD9e3yRIU
Phospholipids

Are important for __________, cell structure, and
waterproof coatings.
 Generally _____ soluble in water (non-polar)
 Contain mainly the elements ___________ and
____________ but also contain small amounts of
__________________.
 Lipids do ____ have a repeating structural monomer
unit. They do ______ form polymers (unlike
carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids which do).
Steroids
Types of lipids:
1) *Fats- triglycerides that are _________ at room
temperature; usually from __________ sources
Examples: butter, shortening, lard
2) *Oils- triglycerides that are __________ at room
temperature; usually from _________ sources
Examples: sunflower oil, olive oil, corn oil
3) ___________ - ear wax, beeswax, and the waxy
layer on the surface of plant leaves.
4) ______________ - cholesterol; hormones such as
testosterone; pigments used in animal vision and
in photosynthesis.
5) ________________ – important structural
component of cell membranes
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Triglycerides (Fats and Oils)
*Triglycerides are lipids that form when a ______________ molecule
combines with ___molecules called ____________ _________.
Let’s look at the “fatty acids” in the structure of triglycerides. The
structure of the fatty acid determines the function of the triglyceride.
1) A fatty acid is said to be *_________________ if: each carbon in a
lipid’s fatty acid chain is bonded to another carbon atom (no C=C
double or triple bonds)
 tend to form molecules called Saturated fats which are Solid at
room temperature.
 contain the ______________ amount of hydrogens possible.
 unfortunately, not very 'heart-healthy'!
2) A fatty acid is said to be *__________________ if there is at least
one carbon-carbon double bond (monounsaturated). A fatty acid is
said to be *_________________________ if there are more than one
carbon-carbon double bond
 tend to form molecules called oils which are
_______________at room temperature.
 contain ___________ hydrogens
 these are more "heart-healthy"!
 food scientists can use a process called "hydrogenation" to
artificially add hydrogens so that these molecules are more solid
such as corn oil margarine, which makes them less healthy.

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Note the *CARBOXYL group on the end of the fatty acids to
the right. It can also be written as COOH or -COOH. The
carboxyl group contains a carbonyl (C=O) group and a
*HYDROXYL (–OH) group.
Fatty acids:
(Carboxyl Group –COOH)
“Stop and Think about it” (use previous notes, if necessary):
1) Count the atoms of each element in the saturated fatty acid
to the right: C____, H_____, O_____
What is the molecular formula of the saturated fatty acid to
the right:?___________
2) Count the atoms of each element in the unsaturated fatty
acid: C____, H_____, O_____
What is the molecular formula of the unsaturated fatty
acid:?___________
(Hydroxyl Group –OH)
Triglyceride:
3) How do these two molecular formulas compare?________
______________________________________________
4) What are the general terms for the subunits of a triglyceride
to the right (names and numbers)?
a)_____________________b)______________________
What is the cellular process (chemical reaction) that puts
these subunits together?____________________
What is the other product of this reaction?_________
How many molecules of the other product are made in this
reaction?________
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*On Last Question: Examine the Data Table to the right.
How do the structural forms of fatty acids affect whether
they are solids or liquids at room temperature (room
temperature is approximately 25 °C?_________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
NUCLEIC ACIDS - http://youtu.be/9s5EPhtWq0I
General Form of a Nucleotide (Monomer or Polymer?):
*NUCLEIC ACIDS store and transmit hereditary, or
genetic, information (EXAMPLES: DNA and RNA)
NUCLEIC ACIDS contain atoms of ___________,
_______________, _____________, ________________,
and _____________________.
Nucleic acid polymers are composed of repeating
monomers, called:
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (Nucleotide or Nucleic Acid?):
 *__________________: monomer units of nucleic
acids which consist of 5-C sugar, phosphate group,
nitrogenous base
 a special nucleotide called *_________ stores &
releases energy.
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DNA and RNA - http://youtu.be/NNASRkIU5Fw
Two important nucleic acid polymers found in all living
cells:
1) *_______ - deoxyribonucleic acid – a polymer
made of nucleotides (monomers) that contain the
sugar deoxyribose; Function: holds the codes
(genes) for cellular proteins. Primary molecule of
heredity
2)
*_______ - ribonucleic acid - a polymer made of
nucleotides (monomers) that contain the sugar
ribose; Function: acts as DNA’s ‘helper’ in the
creation of ________ in cells; several types of RNA
exist
DNA and RNA have more structural & functional
differences that will be discussed in later units.
How many nucleotides are joined together to form this
portion of a DNA molecule?_______________________
What is the cellular process (reaction) that combines
monomers into polymers?_________________________
The single, long chain of monomers is held together by
strong____________bonds called the “Sugar-Phosphate”
backbone.
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DNA, also known as the
____________________.
The DNA or genetic code of an organism, with the help of
RNA, determines the types of proteins synthesized
(expressed) by the organisms cell(s). This, in turn,
establishes the structure and function of individual cells
which determine the traits or characteristics of the
organism. This is known as the Central Dogma of
Molecular Biology:


The two strands, polymers, are
held together by Hydrogen
Bonds.

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