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PERENNIALISM ESSSENTIALISM PROGRESSIVISM RECONSTRUCTIONISM PHILOSOPHIC BASES: (Rational humanism, rational theism, scholasticism classical utopianism.) External truth, moral good, rational man PHILOSOPHIC BASES: (Variations of idealism and realism.) No truly consistent base. Absolutism: external of supernatural. Man, world harmonious with absolutes. PHILOSOPHIC BASES: (Pragmatism, experimentalism, experientialism.) Practical American view. Conviction in democratic means. Wholeness of man. Environment. PHILOSOPHIC BASES: (pragmatism, social determinism, cultural utopianism,) Belief in democracy. Consensus, goal setting use of human science. Activist approach. TRUTH: TRUTH: We can and should set our own ideas of truth purposely – as goals to shoot for. TRUTH: There is and always has been only one set of truths. Man can think them out (if bright). TRUTH: There is a set of truths which we know today. With great caution we can find new truth, but far more change is desired than justified. MAN: Man’s natural tendencies are questionable. His reasoning sets him apart. Emotions make MAN: him unsafe. Man must learn to develop self-control thru practice. VALUES: Discipline must be imposed. Lessons of the past are valuable. We should learn VALUES: from the great events of Proved, continuing subjects history. Cultural heritage. are valuable. That which has Wisdom is valuable. been serving should continue to serve. AMERICAN DEMOCRACY: AMERICAN Academic elite should be at DEMOCRACY: the helm. Educated majority In majority rule, each will have wisdom too. individual should have a Democracy is merely a common school background system- the great ideas behind for safe democracy. it are truly important Democracy is the greatest form of government known. Truth is what we know at a given moment. As we learn more we should be quite willing to change our beliefs. MAN: Man is psycho-social animal. His drives can be stimulated and aimed. Man naturally good. VALUES: Society and time set values. Students, freedom, and democracy are valuable in our society. AMERICAN DEMOCRACY: In modern America we need basic “tool” subjects, choice of specialty, faith in democracy. More conformity cuts freedom. Democracy is an entire way of life. MAN: Man is psycho-social animal. In today’s and tomorrow’s world he must become more social. VALUES: We must determine what we want to be valuable and work toward it. Goals are valuable. Democracy. AMERICAN DEMOCRACY: Educational institutions should take the lead and create democratic chosen changes. Democracy gives a fair means for setting and achieving goals for a better life for all. PERENNIALISM ESSSENTIALISM PROGRESSIVISM RECONSTRUCTIONISM THEORY OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Faculty Psychology, mental skills. Man’s mind grows and develops as he uses it and learns. Trained mind. Fundamental traits can be developed. THEORY OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Association theories: connectionism, behaviorism. Trial and error, reward and punishment, extrinsic motivation. Conditioning, repetition, reinforcement. THEORY OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Field Theories: topological psychology (Lewin). Gestalt plus motivation and behavior. Life-space, threats, barriers, goals (his). Ego-involvement, intrinsic success, problems. THEORY OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Social psychology. Also purposivism, purposive behaviorism. Need, goal, group oriented behavior. Meeting needs, realistic adjustments. Insight. Teachers motivate toward sound goals. PURPOSE: Increase reasoning powers. Develop the “educated man” wisdom. Improve the rational mind. School is a retreat from everyday life. PURPOSE: Master subject matter. Make a well-behaved person who has command of essential academic material. School is preparation for future responsibilities. PURPOSE: Develop whole person. Help the individual grow in all ways toward self realization. School is society. Adjustment to actual environment. CURRICULUM (PUBLIC SCHOOL): Old, proved (no frills), formal subjects. Literary, academic, classical emphasis, some math and science. METHOD: Classical, Contemplate. Discuss. Dialogue. Learn to think by coping with the great ideas. Reading and writing assignments. CURRICULUM (PUBLIC SCHOOL): Bulk-basic courses prescribed for all. A few electives. Master basic disciplines. Graduation standards. CURRICULUM (PUBLIC SCHOOL): Minimum essentials. Experiment, specialize in depth. Elect a field, many courses, survey courses. Cross-disciplinary. METHOD: Teaching is an art and a method. Know subject, be dedicated, exercise control. Repetition. Extrinsic motivation. Lecture, assignments, programming. METHOD: Interest=effort, labs, individual research. Problem solving, seminars. Other agencies. Intrinsic motivation, Method=content. Learn by doing. EVALUATION: Familiarity with classics. Ability to express oneself, EVALUATION: great ideas. Polish. Subjective. Mastery of subject matter taught. Written tests. Set standards. Objective. EDUCATION VERSUS TRAINING: Schools for: Education only – EDUCATION VERSUS not training. They are not TRAINING: same. Training belongs to Train student to obey and other institutions. practice good habits. Otherwise, education in academic disciplines. EVALUATION: Change in individual behavior. Growth, performance, rating, Problemsolving EDUCATION VERSUS TRAINING: Education and training are same learning processes. Whole person learns, changes. PURPOSE: Improve person and society. Develop people who can solve problems of our society. Social responsibility, improvement, and action. School is the key agent for social change. CURRICULUM (PUBLIC SCHOOL): Minimum essentials. Work on significant problems for all. Specialize, explore. Participate outside school. METHOD: Student activity, participation. Consensus. Group problems. Indoctrination in democratic, human values. Activation. Goal-setting. Learn by involvement. EVALUATION: Change in individual and group behavior. Democratic processes, movement toward goals. EDUCATION VERSUS TRAINING: Education and training are same learning processes. Whole person, whole society.