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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Mendelian Genetics/Pedigree/Meiosis Study Guide heredity: the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring through genes traits: characteristics that are inherited genes: a section on DNA that carries the information on what type of protein to make genetics: the branch of biology that studies heredity gamete: male and female sex cells; male = sperm, female =egg monohybrid cross: when only one trait is compared, like eye color allele: the different forms of a single gene—eye color has brown, blue, and green alleles hybrid: when an organism has inherited different alleles from each parent (1 allele for brown eyes, 1 for blue) homozygous: when 2 alleles for a trait are the same heterozygous: when 2 alleles for a trait are not the same 2. Who is regarded as the father of genetics? Gregor Mendel 3. What are Mendel’s 4 laws? Law of segregation, Law of Unit Factors, Law of Dominance, Law of Independent assortment. 4. What is a dominant trait and how is it represented? “stronger” trait that shows up when the dominant allele is present; represented by a capital letter 5. What is a recessive trait and how is it represented? “weaker” trait that shows up only when the dominant allele is not present; represented by a lowercase letter 6. What is a phenotype? the physical appearance of an organism—what you can see 7. What is a genotype? genetic makeup of an organism—what you usually cannot see 8. What did Mendel experiment on? Pea Plants Monohybrid Punnett Square 9. Matt recently met a cute brown-haired girl, Kayli, in Biology class. Use your knowledge of genetics to answer the questions below. (a) If Kayli’s father is a heterozygous (Bb) brown-haired and her mother has blonde hair (bb), what is her genotype? Bb because she gets dominant from dad and recessive from mom. Heterozygous brown-haried Create and complete the Punnett square to show the possible genotypes that would result to help you determine Kayli’s genotype. B b b Bb bb Bb bb b (b) Matt is heterozygous for his brown hair. What is his genotype? Bb (c) Complete a Punnett square to show the possibilities that would result if Matt & Kayli had children. B b B b BB Bb Bb bb (d) List the possible genotypes and phenotypes for the kids. BB- Homozygous brown hair Bb- Heterozygous Brown bb- Homozygous Blonde (e) What is the probability of kids with blonde hair? ¼ or 35% (f) What is the probability of kids with brown hair? ¾ or 75% 10. Explain how a person inherits a recessive disorder. Both alleles must be recessive in the person to inherit a recessive disorder. 11. Explain how a person inherits a dominant disorder. At least one of the alleles from mom or dad must be dominant and present in the person. 12. What is a pedigree? When genetic inheritance is represented by a picture ***You also need to know how to read one. 13. Explain cystic fibrosis. What race does it mainly affect? A defective protein in the plasma membrane of cells causes thick mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system; white Americans 14. Explain Tay-Sachs Disease. In some cases, when does death occur to a person with it? An absence of an enzyme causes lipids to accumulate in the tissues and nerve cells of the brain; age 4 15. What happens to a person with Huntington’s disease? When do the symptoms start to appear? Certain parts of their brain start to break down; Ages 30-50 16. If you see a phenotype that is a mixture of two dominant traits, is this codominance or incomplete dominance? Ex. Red (R) and white (W) flower color produces a pink (RW) flower. Incomplete 17. If you see a phenotype that is shows both of the two dominant traits, is this codominance or incomplete dominance? Ex. Black (B) and white (W) cats produce a white cat with black spots (BW). Codominance 18. What is a sex-linked disorder? A disorder controlled by genes on a sex chromosome 19. Explain X-linked inheritance. . When a defective gene is carried on the X chromosome; passed along from mother 20. Explain Y-linked inheritance. When a defective gene is carried on the X chromosome; passed along only from father to son 21. What does polygenic inheritance mean? Would eye color and height be an example? When a trait is determined by many genes; yes 22. In a karyotpe (a map of all of a person’s chromosomes), which ones are autosomes? Pairs 1-2223. 23. What are the 8 factors that can also influence gene expression? 1. Temperature 5. Infectious agents 2. Light 6. Hormones 3. Nutrition 7. Structural differences 4. Chemicals 8. Age 24. 1. diploid: a cell with two of each kind of chromosome 2. haploid: a cell with one of each kind of chromosome 3. meiosis: cell division that produces gametes (egg or sperm) containing half the number of chromosomes as a parent’s body cell 4. sexual reproduction: type of reproduction that involves the production and fusion of egg and sperm 5. homologous chromosomes: the two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell 6. crossing over: process that occurs during meiosis in which parts of the chromatids that make up the homologous chromosomes break off and exchange their genetic information 7. genetic recombination: random reassortment of chromosomes and the genetic information they carry during meiosis that provides a lot of variation (differences) in organisms. 8. nondisjunction: when homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly 9. Polyploidy: organisms with more than the usual number of chromosome sets; this is more common in plants than in animals 25. A. What is the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell? Diploid has 2 of each chromosome and are body cells whereas a haploid has 1 of each chromosome and are gametes B. When diploid cells divide, what is this called? What about when haploid cells divide? mitosis; meiosis 26. What gamete comes from a father? Sperm From a mother? Egg 27. Make a chart of the stages of meiosis (in order) and what happens during each phase. Steps Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I What Happens Tetrads condense and crossing over occurs Tetrads line up in the middle Tetrads split and move to opposite ends of the cell Telophase I/ Cytokinesis Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II/ Cytokinesis 2 separate daughter cells are made, each with a set of homologous chromosomes that have been genetically mixed (haploid) Centrosomes appear and spindle fibers are formed Replicated Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Replicated Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell New nuclei are formed and four daughter cells are made, each containing one-half of replicated chromosome (Haploid) 28. Compare/contrast mitosis & meiosis. Mitosis o Division of body cells Both o Types of cell division o Make 2 identical diploid cells o Contain chromosomes o Used for growth, repair, and replacement o Interphase Meiosis o Division of sex cells (gametes) o Make 4 nonidentical haploid cells o Used for reproduction