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Instructor’s Guide
The Human Body: How It Works
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Introduction
This program is part of the nine-part series The Human Body: How It Works. The series uses physiologic animations and illustrations, microscopic imaging, expert commentary, and footage of the body
in motion to provide a thorough overview of the amazing human machine. The series includes:
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Cells, Tissues, and Skin
The Immune System
Human Development and the Reproductive System
The Respiratory System
The Circulatory System
The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Digestion and Nutrition
The Endocrine System
The Nervous System and the Senses
Topics
Chapter 1: An Overview of the Circulatory System
The program begins by explaining that the main role of the circulatory system is to bring oxygen
and nutrients close enough to the cells for the process of diffusion to work — and that this is
accomplished via the systemic and the pulmonary circuits.
Chapter 2: The Composition of Blood
This section identifies the components of blood, describing the plasma, buffy coat, erythrocytes, and
hemoglobin, and their roles in diffusion, clotting, fighting disease, and transporting vital elements
throughout the body. Blood transfusions, the four ABO blood types, and Rh factor are also covered.
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The Human Body: How It Works
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
Chapter 3: Oxygen Transport: The Role of Hemoglobin
Here viewers learn that oxygen molecules can attach to the hemoglobin inside red blood cells due to
the the principles of affinity and cooperative binding. Diffusion and oxygen transport, and how hemoglobin responds to changes in partial pressure during these processes, are explained in detail.
Chapter 4: Anatomy of the Circulatory System
The circulation of blood through the heart’s four chambers, and the cardiac cells involved with heart
contractions, are the focus of this section. The parts of the circulatory system, including its particular
valves and blood vessels, are all identified. Also covered: The pericardium; desmosomes; gap junctions.
Chapter 5: How the Heart Works
This section describes how specialized cells generate and relay electrical signals to various regions of
the heart to stimulate the coordinated contractions of the atria and ventricles as the heart beats. Also
covered: Arrhythmias.
Chapter 6: Control of Blood Pressure and Distribution
After explaining the significance of the systolic and diastolic readings of a blood pressure exam, this
section presents several factors that affect blood pressure — cardiac output, blood volume, and age.
The details of blood flow in the capillaries and arteries, and filtration and reabsorption; the mechanisms
of autoregulation and neural control; and the role of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are all part of a
discussion about blood pressure, flow, and distribution. Also covered: Hypertension; TPR; atherosclerosis.
Chapter 7: Circulatory Responses to Exercise
The program ends by outlining ways in which the circulatory system meets the demands of exercise
through a combination of vasodilation, arterial constriction, and vasoconstriction. Also covered: The
long-term benefits of regular exercise.
Learning Objectives
Students will learn…
• The parts of the circulatory system, and the workings of the pulmonary and systemic circuits
• The components of blood, including plasma, platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and hemoglobin,
and their function in the body
• The four ABO blood types and the role of Rh factor
• The role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport, and the concepts of diffusion and partial pressure
• The details of the passage of blood through the heart’s chambers, valves, and blood vessels
• The significance of the systolic and diastolic readings of a blood pressure exam
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The Human Body: How It Works
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
Some factors that affect blood pressure
The details of blood flow in the capillaries and arteries, and filtration and reabsorption
The mechanisms of autoregulation and neural control, and the role of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
How high blood pressure contributes to atherosclerosis
How the circulatory system meets the demands of exercise
Some long-term benefits of regular exercise
Vocabulary
affinity: In chemistry, the force by which atoms are held together in chemical compounds.
alveolus (plural is alveoli): A tiny air sac found in the lung; this is where gas exchange occurs.
antigen: A substance that stimulates an immune response in the body, especially the production of
antibodies.
aorta: The large, main blood vessel of the arterial system, it conveys blood from the left ventricle
of the heart to all of the body except the lungs.
aortic semilunar valve: Also called the “aortic valve,” it is a three-flap valve between the aorta
and the left ventricle that stops the blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.
arrhythmia: A disturbance in the rhythm of the heartbeat.
arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart (whereas veins carry blood toward the
heart).
arteriole: Small branch of an artery, especially one that connects with a capillary.
ascending aorta: The section of the aorta between the left ventricle and the arch of the aorta.
atherosclerosis: A form of arteriosclerosis, it is a chronic inflammatory response affecting the walls
of the artery. Plaque deposits, together with cells which migrate to the area, collect within the walls
of the arteries, eventually reducing blood flow to the tissues.
atrioventricular (AV) bundle: A collection of cardiac muscle fibers that regulates the heartbeat
by conducting electrical impulses from the right atrium to the ventricles.
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The Human Body: How It Works
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
atrioventricular (AV) node: A node of specialized cardiac muscle located in the wall of the right
atrium, the AV node receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to the AV bundle.
atrium (plural is atria): Either of the two upper chambers on each side of the heart that receive
blood from the veins and in turn force it into the ventricles.
autoregulation: The tendency of the blood flow toward an organ or part to remain at or return to
the same level despite changes in arterial pressure.
baroreceptor: A cell or sense organ located in the walls of the body’s major arteries or in the heart
that senses changes in blood pressure. Signals from baroreceptors to the medulla lead to a reduction
in arterial blood pressure.
blood: A fluid connective tissue that functions to distribute substances critical to life to cells
throughout the body. Blood is made up of blood cells suspended in blood plasma.
blood pressure: The pressure of the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels. The blood
pressure of a healthy individual should be approximately a systolic of 110 millimeters of mercury and
a diastolic of 70 (110 over 70).
blood type: Blood classified by the presence or absence of certain antigens found on the surface
of red blood cells and circulating in the blood. The four major blood types are O, A, B, and AB.
blood vessel: Any of the vessels, including arteries, veins, or capillaries, through which blood circulates.
buffy coat: A component of blood containing platelets and leukocytes.
capillaries: The smallest of the body’s blood vessels, they connect arterioles and venules. Capillaries
deliver oxygen and nutrients to individual cells by the process of diffusion.
capillary exchange: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the capillary wall.
cardiovascular: Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.
carotid arteries: The two large arteries that mainly carry blood to the head and neck.
cellular respiration: The process whereby nutrients in food molecules are broken down to produce
ATP. In so doing, waste products of carbon dioxide, water, and heat are formed. Oxygen must be present
for cellular respiration to occur.
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The Human Body: How It Works
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
chemoreceptors: Receptors that respond to chemicals in solution, including taste and smell receptors,
and receptors that sense changes in the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood.
circulatory system: The bodily system made up mainly of the heart, blood, and blood vessels,
responsible for transporting blood through blood vessels to the entire body. The circulatory system
can be broken down into the pulmonary circuit, the systemic circuit, and the coronary circuit. In some
classifications, the circulatory system is composed of the cardiovascular system (which distributes
blood) and the lymphatic system (which distributes lymph).
conducting cells: Also called Purkinje fibers, these are specialized cardiac fibers located in the walls of
the ventricles. They conduct impulses from the AV node to the ventricles, allowing the ventricles to contract.
cooperative binding: The propensity for additional molecules of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin
once an initial molecule has bonded to the hemoglobin.
coronary circuit: The movement of blood through the heart tissues.
desmosome: A type of molecule that holds cardiac cells together during heart contractions.
diastolic pressure: The blood pressure after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the
heart refill with blood. Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, while diastolic is minimum pressure.
diffusion: The random movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of
lower concentration. In one-celled organisms, diffusion allows for the transfer of respiratory gases,
food, and waste between the cell and its environment; in human beings, the circulatory system helps
bring the molecules of oxygen and nutrients close enough to the cells for diffusion to work.
erythrocytes: Red blood cells. The main function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide between the tissues and lungs.
filtration: The process of passing a liquid through a filter, it is a type of diffusion that occurs when
pressure in the capillary is greater than in the interstitial compartment.
gap junction: A gap between adjacent cell membranes containing a network of channels that facilitates
passage of ions, hormones, and transmitters between the cells. Gap junctions allow for synchronization of
heart contractions.
gas exchange: Respiration; the process whereby oxygen is transferred to the blood during inhalation,
and carbon dioxide is transferred from the blood during exhalation. This transfer occurs between the
alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.
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The Human Body: How It Works
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
hemoglobin: An iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen.
hypertension: Elevation of the blood pressure.
inferior vena cava: A large vein that conveys blood from all parts below the diaphragm and
discharges it into the right atrium of the heart.
intercalated discs: Membrane that connects cardiac muscle cells. Intercalated discs aid in synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue.
interstitial compartment: The fluid surrounding tissue cells.
leukocytes: White blood cells that help fight disease.
medulla oblongata: A portion of the brain stem, it can regulate blood flow by increasing
or decreasing cardiac output and by stimulating vessels to dilate or constrict.
mitral valve: Also called the bicuspid or left atrioventricular valve, it is a dual flap in the heart that
lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The mitral valve keeps blood from flowing back
into the left atrium.
oxygen transport: The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and peripheral
tissues by hemoglobin.
pacemaker cells: Cells located in the sinoatrial node that generate electric pulses involved in the
heartbeat.
partial pressure: The pressure that one component of a mixture of gases would exert if it were
alone in a container. Partial pressure is used to designate the concentrations of gases.
pericardium: Two layers of membrane, separated by fluid, that encloses the heart and the roots
of the aorta and other large blood vessels.
plaque: A deposit of fatty material (made up of low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides) on the
inner lining of an arterial wall.
plasma: The liquid portion of blood. Plasma transports blood cells, proteins, and enzymes to sites
where they are needed; it makes up about 55% of the blood.
platelets: Cell fragments that circulate in the blood plasma and that promote clotting.
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The Human Body: How It Works
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
pre-capillary sphincter: A muscular ring at the arterial end of a capillary that controls the flow
of blood to the tissues.
pulmonary artery: An artery that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.
pulmonary circuit: The part of the circulatory system that involves the transport of blood to and
from the lungs.
pulmonary semilunar valve: Also called the “pulmonary valve,” it keeps blood from flowing
back from the pulmonary artery into the heart.
reabsorption: The movement of carbon dioxide, fluids, and waste products from the interstitium
back into the capillary. Reabsorption occurs when the concentration or pressure of a specific element
is greater in the interstitial compartment than in the capillary.
Rh factor: An antigen found on the surface of red blood cells.
septum: The wall separating the left and right sides of the heart.
sinoatrial node: Tissue located in the right atrium that contains pacemaker cells that generate an
electrical pulse.
superior vena cava: A large vein that conveys blood from the head, chest, and upper extremities
and discharges it into the right atrium of the heart.
systemic circuit: The part of the circulatory system that involves the transport of oxygenated blood
to and from the tissues of the body (but not the heart and lungs).
systolic pressure: Blood pressure within the arteries when the heart muscle is contracting. Systolic
pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, while diastolic is minimum pressure.
tachycardia: A type of arrhythmia in which the heart beats very rapidly in an uncoordinated way,
losing its ability to effectively pump blood.
total peripheral resistance (TPR): The friction between the blood and blood vessel walls. When
it’s necessary for the body to increase blood pressure, the blood vessels will constrict, increasing TPR
and thus blood pressure.
tricuspid valve: Also called the right atrioventricular valve, it consists of three triangular flaps of
tissue between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve keeps blood from flowing
back into the right atrium.
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The Human Body: How It Works
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
vascular system: The vessels and tissues that carry or circulate fluids such as blood through the body.
vasoconstriction: Constriction of the blood vessels.
vasodilation: Dilation of the blood vessels.
vein: Blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart (whereas arteries carry blood away from
the heart). The term is also used informally to refer to any blood vessel.
venous: Pertaining to the blood in the pulmonary artery, right side of the heart, and most veins, that
has become deoxygenated and charged with carbon dioxide during its passage through the body.
venous return: The blood returning to the heart via the inferior and superior venae cavae.
ventricle: Either of the two lower chambers on each side of the heart that receive blood from
the atria and in turn force it into the arteries.
venule: A small vein, especially one joining a capillary to a larger vein.
Student Projects
• Demonstrate your understanding of the parts and functioning of the circulatory system by following blood’s journey as it carries oxygen through the heart, arteries, veins, lungs, and back again.
Your presentation can be in the form of a written report, spreadsheet, series of labeled drawings
or mini-graphic novel, poster, video, or even a song, poem, play, or imaginative story.
• Choose a process such as oxygen transport, filtration and reabsorption by the capillaries, or the
heartbeat and explain it in detail to your classmates. Use visual aids (posters, PowerPoint, etc.)
to help make complex information clear.
• How much exercise do you need to maintain good cardiovascular health? And what kind of exercise
should it be (aerobic, strength-training, etc.)? Does it matter how long each session is (i.e., are 3 tenminute sessions as effective as one 30-minute session)? Create an “Exercise Guidelines” poster to
share with the class that summarizes your findings. As an alternative, create an “Effects of Smoking”
poster that spells out exactly what happens to the cardiovascular system — now, and over time —
if you smoke. Note whether or not damage is reversible.
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The Human Body: How It Works
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• How would you avoid heart disease? Would you eliminate saturated fats, get more exercise, and/or
take statin drugs? The following sampling of headlines (from PhysOrg.com, Scientific American,
and ScienceDaily.com) suggests that factors as diverse as air pollution and disrupted sleeping patterns could contribute to heart disease. Using the library and Internet, conduct some research of
your own into the latest theories on heart disease. Put together a report of your findings — but
make sure to use reputable sources that cite actual studies.
“Depression Increases Risk for Heart Disease More Than Genetics or Environment”
“The More Oral Bacteria, the Higher the Risk of Heart Attack”
“Researchers Find Potential Cause of Heart Risks for Shift Workers”
“Choosing Right Kind of Fat Cuts Heart Disease Risk”
“Air Pollution Damages More Than Lungs: Heart and Blood Vessels Suffer Too”
“Living in Multigenerational Households Triples Women’s Heart Disease Risk”
“People Living Alone Double Their Risk of Serious Heart Disease”
“Top-selling Cholesterol Drug Does Little for Women, Study Suggests”
“Study Shows Calcium Supplements May Up Heart Attack Risk in Postmenopausal Women”
“Coronary Calcium Testing Predicts Future Heart Ailments”
• The chances are good that someone you know is on blood pressure medication (antihypertensives).
The main types of antihypertensives are diuretics, beta-blockers, sympathetic nerve inhibitors,
vasodilators, and ACE inhibitors. How exactly do these drugs work? Do they have side effects or
interactions with other drugs? Why do you think there are so many different kinds? Drawing on
what you’ve learned by watching this program, create a chart that lists these hypertensives, how
they work, how well they work (e.g., reduce the likelihood of stroke by 40%), along with any
possible side effects.
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The Human Body: How It Works
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Quiz
1. The role of the circulatory system is _____.
a) to bring oxygen and nutrients close enough to the cells for the process of diffusion
to work, thus getting nutrients to the cells and removing waste such as carbon dioxide
b) to bring molecules of oxygen and nutrients close enough to the cells for the process
of vasodilation to work
c) both the above
d) neither of the above
2. In the systemic circuit, the [left / right] side of the heart receives [deoxygenated /
oxygenated] blood, then circulates it to the cells and tissues (with the exception of the
heart and lungs).
3. In the pulmonary circuit, the [left / right] side of the heart receives [deoxygenated /
oxygenated] blood, then circulates it to the lungs.
4. Which of the following is NOT a component of blood?
a) desmosomes
b) plasma
c) leukocytes
d) erythrocytes
5. Blood types are characterized by _____.
a) the presence or absence of certain genotypes circulating in the blood
b) the presence or absence of different antigens circulating in the blood
c) various proportions of plasma to leukocytes in different populations
d) ABO factor
6. Rh factor is _____.
a) the proportion of hemoglobin to platelets in the blood
b) a measurement of hemoglobin’s affinity for carbon dioxide molecules
c) the presence or absence of certain genotypes in the blood
d) an antigen found on the surface of red blood cells
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The Human Body: How It Works
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7. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood and is then delivered to the tissue cells by hitching
a ride on the hemoglobin in the red blood cells. The technical term for this is _____.
a) reabsorption
b) filtration
c) oxygen transport
d) hemoglobulin transport
8. When deoxygenated blood reaches the lung capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses out from it into
the rest of the lung. This happens because _____.
a) baroreceptors in the capillaries signal the medulla to increase the blood pressure
b) baroreceptors in the capillaries signal the medulla to reduce the blood pressure
c) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the capillary than it is in the rest
of the lung
d) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is lower in the capillary than it is in the rest
of the lung
9. True or False? The heart has four chambers — a left atrium and ventricle and a right atrium and
ventricle. The left and right sides are completely separated by a wall, or septum.
10. The structure of heart valves allows blood to flow _____.
a) by providing lubrication to the cells to reduce friction
b) through the arteries (after filtering out particles)
c) in one direction when blood enters the atrium and in the opposite direction when the
blood is pushed out towards the lungs
d) only in one direction
11. The atria are the [upper / lower] chambers of the heart, and the ventricles are the [upper /
lower] chambers.
12. The role of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node is _____.
a) to regulate levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
b) to generate an electrical pulse that controls the heart’s rate of beating
c) to monitor Rh factor in ABO blood types
d) to monitor autoregulation
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The Human Body: How It Works
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13. True or False? A blood pressure reading of 110 over 70 is considered to be healthy, but 120 over
80 is cause for concern.
14. High blood pressure is an indication of hypertension, and hypertension places people at higher
risk for _____.
a) heart failure
b) stroke
c) kidney failure
d) all of the above
15. There are several ways the circulatory system can adjust to the changing needs of body tissues.
One of these is _____.
a) neural control (the medulla regulates blood flow by stimulating vessels to dilate or
constrict)
b) tachycardia (a rapid, uncoordinated heartbeat)
c) diastolic pressure (the blood pressure after the heart contracts)
d) signal transduction (receptors cause specific changes inside the cell)
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Answers to Quiz
1. a) to bring oxygen and nutrients close enough to the cells for the process of diffusion
to work, thus getting nutrients to the cells and removing waste such as carbon dioxide
2. left; oxygenated
3. right; deoxygenated
4. a) desmosomes
5. b) the presence or absence of different antigens circulating in the blood
6. d) an antigen found on the surface of red blood cells
7. c) oxygen transport
8. c) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the capillary than it is in the rest of the lung
9. True
10. d) only in one direction
11. upper; lower
12. b) to generate an electrical pulse that controls the heart’s rate of beating
13. True
14. d) all of the above
15. a) neural control (the medulla regulates blood flow by stimulating vessels to dilate or constrict)
Please send comments, questions, and suggestions to [email protected]
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