Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Climate change and poverty wikipedia , lookup
Climate-friendly gardening wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Climate change feedback wikipedia , lookup
Climate change mitigation wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Canada wikipedia , lookup
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme wikipedia , lookup
Low-carbon economy wikipedia , lookup
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Mitigation of global warming in Australia wikipedia , lookup
Global Climate Change --- What Can We Do About It ! Ken Dickson Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings April 3, 2006 1 Polar Ice Caps Are Melting Faster Than Ever... More And More Land Is Being Devastated By Drought... Drought Rising Waters Are Drowning LowLying Communities... By Any Measure, Earth Is At ... The Tipping Point Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2 Greenhouse gases differ in ability to trap heat Radiation, atmosphere, and temperature • Carbon dioxide = best-known greenhouse gas… • Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.1 3 Carbon dioxide increase but molecule for molecule, • methane traps 23 times the heat of CO2 • nitrous oxide traps 296 times the heat of CO2 • HFC-23 traps 12,000 times the heat of CO2 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4 800,000 Year Record of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations • CO2 concentration has increased 33% in the past 200 years. • It is now at its highest level in 400,000 years, and probably 20 million years. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2a 5 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6 1 Carbon dioxide increase • Due to: Burning of fossil fuels: We remove carbon-rich fuels from the ground where they have been stored for millions of years, and combust them in an instant, sending CO2 into the atmosphere. Deforestation: Cutting down trees, removing vegetation from the land, decreases the sink for carbon. • Some of the C in plants becomes CO2 sent into the atmosphere. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7 Global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentration Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8 Increase of other greenhouse gases Nitrous oxide: up 17% since 1750. • From feedlots, chemical plants, auto emissions, agricultural practices Methane: up 151% since 1750. • From fossil fuels, landfills, cattle, rice crops Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 9 Increase of other greenhouse gases Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2b,c 10 Climate change predictions: Impacts The IPCC and other groups have predicted future impacts of climate change. Predictions for the U.S. include: • Temperature will rise 3–5°C (5–9°F). • Halocarbon gases (which include CFCs) are powerful greenhouse gases. • Droughts, floods, snow pack will decline, and water shortages will create diverse problems. • But their effects are slowing due to the Montreal Protocol. • Temperature extremes will cause health problems; tropical diseases will move north into the U.S. • Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Its future changes, if any, remain uncertain. • Sea level rise will flood coastal wetlands, real estate. • Ecosystems will be altered; some will disappear. • Agriculture and forestry may have mixed results. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 11 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 12 2 Cumulative Decrease in Global Glaciers Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 13 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 14 Artic Ice Pack October 23, 2007 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 15 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings October 23, 2006 16 Sea level rise • Just as sea level rise could devastate the Maldives… • … it could also inflict damage on the U.S.’s coastal economies and ecosystems. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 17 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.21 18 3 Predicted U.S. impacts: Forest types change Change In Sugar Maple Distribution • Distribution of forest types will change 2 future scenarios Current Figure 12.12 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 19 Predicted U.S. impacts: Heat index rises Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 20 Predicted U.S. impacts: Ozone pollution • Two models show big increases in July heat index for the next 100 years, especially in the central and southeast U.S. Higher temperatures will mean worse smog and higher tropospheric ozone levels in cities—a health hazard. • (Heat index combines temperature and humidity.) Figure 12.13a Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 21 Heat Transfer Gulf Stream Figure 12.14 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 22 Actions Needed to Combat Global Warming • Personal Actions • Community Actions • State Actions • National Actions • Global Actions Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 23 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 24 4 Top 10 Actions to Combat Climate Change www.earthday.net/resources/2006 Top 10 Actions to Combat Climate Change www.earthday.net/resources/2006 • Project Switch: Change your lights • Drive your car differently or drive a different car • Your house not too cold – not too hot • Go organic • Tame the refrigerator monster • Buy recycled • Twist the knob on your other household appliances • Be a minimalist • Green plants with less water – more trees to provide shade • What else can you add????????????? • Buy green energy Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 25 How much carbon dioxide do we put in the atmosphere ? Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 12 Things you can do to cut your carbon dioxide emissions by 10 tons per year • Choose clean energy – saves 7000 lbs • The U.S. has 5% of the world’s population, Uses 25 % of the energy and contributes 25% of carbon dioxide • Recycle – saves 2400 lbs • Each person in the U.S contributes 19.6 tons/year • Adjust thermostat – saves 1050 lbs • The Th world ld average per person is i 3.9 3 9 tons/year t / • Install a programmable thermostat – saves 1050 lbs • What can we do????????????????????? • Turn off your computer use energy saving mode – saves 1000 lbs • What is your carbon foot print ? Go to calculator !! • Wash clothes in cold or warm water – saves 500 lbs • City of Denton web site Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 26 • Use fluorescent bulbs (3) – saves 300 lbs 27 12 Things you can do to cut your carbon dioxide emissions by 10 tons per year Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 28 What can we do in our communities ? • Urban Planning • New Urbanism • Smart Growth • Drive a hybrid • Stop sprawl - ve 155 miles es less ess each eac week wee • Drive • Mass transit • Avoid idling • Smart landscaping • Keep tire properly inflated • Put a local face on global warming - Duluth • Promote conservation developments • Promote renewable energy –residential, businesses, codes Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 29 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 30 5 What can we do at the state level? What can we do at the national level • Switch from coal to methane that produces less carbon dioxide • Develop a national energy policy that seriously addresses global warming and our dependency on oil • Stop fugitive emissions of methane from pipelines and landfills • Quite subsidizing the fossil fuel industry • Continue to develop our renewable resources • Promote the development of renewable energy via research, subsidy, carbon tax? • Wind, solar, biomass, hydrogen • Ratify the Kyoto Protocol or a new more aggressive replacement • Promote carbon capture and storage • Establish incentives for green buildings, homes, solar panels, solar hot water systems, high mpg vehicles, mass transit, high speed rail, and research on new renewable energy technology Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Return to be a world leader in address energy and climate futures and developing new technologies 31 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings International Level – What the Nobel Prize Winners Say is Needed to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions 25 billion tons by 2050 – Pacal and Socolow of Princeton International Level – What the Nobel Prize Winners Say is Needed to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions 25 billion tons by 2050 – Pacal and Socolow of Princeton • 1. Reduce use of vehicles – improve urban design to reduce miles driven from 10,000/year to 5,000/year for 2 billion vehicles • 6. Capture and store carbon emitted from 800 gigawatts of new coal plants 7. Capture and reuse hydrogen created in #6 • 2. Efficient vehicles – increase fuel economy from 30 to 60 mpg for 2 billion vehicles • 3. Improve efficiency of coal plants from today’s 40% to 60% • 8. Capture p and store carbon from coal to synfuels y conversion at 30 million barrels per day • 4. Efficient buildings – reduce energy consumption by 25% • 9. Displace 700 gigawatts of coal power with nuclear • 5. Replace 1,400 gigawatts of coal power plants with natural gas • 10 add 2 million 1 megawatt windmills (50 times current capacity) 32 • 11. Displace 2,000 gigawatts of coal with solar power (700 times current capacity Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 33 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34 International Level – What the Nobel Prize Winners Say is Needed to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions 25 billion tons by 2050 – Pacal and Socolow of Princeton • 12. Produce hydrogen fuel from 4 million 1 megawatt windmills • 13. Use biomass to make fuel to displace oil (100 times capacity) • 14.Stop de-forestation and re-establish 750 million acres of new tree plantations • 15. Conservation tillage – apply to all crop land (10 times current usage) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 35 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 36 6 Debate over climate change Emissions reduction: More efficient generation and usage • There is much debate over what to do about climate change. • Electricity generation is the biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. • Would costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions outweigh costs of climate change? • So solutions include: • Should industrialized nations bear more responsibility f reducing for d i emissions, i i or should h ld all ll nations i share h equally? • IImprovedd technology t h l at plants • Cleaner-burning coal • Should emissions reduction occur voluntarily, or through legal, political, or economic pressure? • Energy conservation by consumers • How should we allocate funds to reduce emissions and deal with climate change impacts? Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.15 38 Emissions reduction: Inefficient autos Emissions reduction: So many cars • Cars use energy very inefficiently. We could do better. • Transportation is the second largest source of greenhouse gases. • 1/3 of average U.S. city devoted to cars • Average U.S. family makes • 10 car trips/day • $200 million/day on road construction and repair • Number of cars in U.S. will soon exceed number of people Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.18 39 Emissions reduction: Renewable energy Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.17 40 Boulder’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory • Another solution is to switch to renewable energy sources that can generate electricity by using fewer or no fossil fuels. Turbines for wind energy Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.16 41 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 42 7 Emissions reductions: Biking and walking Emissions reductions: Public transportation • Reducing automobile usage would also lower emissions. Using public transportation like buses and trains lowers emissions of many pollutants … which has a public health benefit as well. • More and more people are choosing to live closer in and bike or walk to work. • If Americans used public transportation at the rate Europeans do, the U.S. would no longer need Saudi Arabian oil. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.19 43 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.20 44 Did You Know ????? • A Typical 1,000-watt residential solar system is equivalent to not driving an automobile 4,000 miles or planting nearly an acre of trees Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 45 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 46 8