Download INFLAMMATION

Cellular Response
Adaptive
Non Adaptive
Disturbances of
growth
Degeneration
Inflammation
and repair
Neoplasia
Immune
response
Dysplasia
Necrosis
INFLAMMATION
Definition
-it’s a body response against injury , it’s 
a first line of defense.
-Protective adaptive tissue response to 
injury.
Causes of Inflammation:
By injurious agents called irritants. It are
different types:
1-Living Irritants: bacteria, virus, parasites.
2-Non Living Irritants:
a-Chemical: Acids, alkalis and poisons.
b-Physical: Heat, cold, ionizing radiation.
c-Mechanical: Trauma, cut.
3-Antigens: cause allergic inflammation.
Mechanism:
1. Vascular response
2.Cellular response
1. Vascular Response
A-Vasodilatations of arterioles  in local blood
flow  redness and hotness =
(hypraemia).
B-Increase in capillary permeability  leakage
of fluid  local swelling.
C-Release of mediators  pain.
1- inflammatory reaction “dilated
blood vessels”
The widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle
cells in vessel walls
Mechanism:
2. Cellular Response:
-Margination of WBCs.
-Emigration (Diapedesis).
-Chemotaxis .
-Phagocytosis.
Cellular Response
Margination: The polymorphnuclear
leucocytes leave the blood and
adhesion to the margin of the
endothelial lining of the capillaries.
Emigration :The polymorphnuclear
leucocytes pass between the
endothelial cells through the vessels
wall by amoeboid movement into
damage tissue .
Cellular Response
Chemotaxis: Is the directed
movement of the polymorph-nuclear
leucocytes and macrophages in the
area of inflammation.
Phagocytosis: Is the ingestion and
destruction of the foreign particles
by the phagocytic inflammatory
cells.
2- Margination of WBC’s:
PMN move to the peripheral B.V & adherent to endothelium B.V wall ,this
process called "Margination of WBC’s
3- Emigration of WBC’s
PMN or WBCs migration from vessels lumen into area of tissue damage, this process
called" Emigration of WBC’s"
Inflammation types:
1- acute .
2- chronic .
3-sub-acute.
Inflammation types:
1- Acute inflammation:
Sudden onset and short duration.
-Cellular response 
Polymorphnuclear leucocytes, pus
cells and macrophages.
- Vascular response  Numerous, thin
walled, dilated blood vessels.
4- Acute inflammatory cells:
Mainly we see PMNL & small amount of macrophages.
PMNL= WBCs refer to neutrophil ,cytoplasm contain fine violet granules ,several lobes of nucleus ,
Pus cells= dead PMN lymphocytes or dead neutrophil.
Machrophages=usually seen in acute & chronic inflammationl,Function of machrophages:1-phagocytosis
&killing of bacteria. 2-phagocytosis of necrotic debris. 3-formation of giant cells.
Inflammation types:
2- Chronic Inflammation:
Gradual onset and prolonged duration
( connective tissue formation).
-Cellular response  Lymphocytes,
macrophages, plasma cells and giant
cells.
- Vascular response  Few, thick
walled, narrow blood vessels.
Inflammation types:
3- Sub-acute Inflammation:
in between the acute and the chronic
5- chronic inflammatory cells
Lymphocytes: WBCs, distinguished by dark blue round nuclei & small amount of
cytoplasm.
Plasma cells :WBCs, it is mature B-cell ,identified by extensive basophilic cytoplasma &
small eccentric nuclei( specific seen in chronic inflammation),it is produce large
antibodies
Fibroblast: is type of cell synthesizes C.T &plays critical role in wound healing
Foreign body giant cell: is fused macrophages which are generated in response to
present large foreign body, nuclei are arranged in disorganized manner.
Langhans giant cell: is fusion of macrophages & contain arranged in horse shoeshaped pattern in cell periphery, found in granulomatous & tuberculosis conditions.
6- chronic inflammatory cells
Mainly we have Plasma cell ,lymphocytes.&Fibroblast cells to form
7- chronic inflammatory cells:
Mainly plasma cell ,small amount of lymphocytes ,macrophages & fibroblast cells to form
C.T
8- Giant cell ( langerhan’s)
specific :
Atypical langhans giant cell formed by fusion of macrophages in tuberculosis granuloma
,contain nuclei horse shoe-shaped
9- Giant cell (foreign body) nonspecific:
Giant cell,nuclei arranged in disorganization pattern,fibroblast & few lymphocytes.
10- Acluster of giant cells around
(foreign body) :
A cluster of giant cells around (foreign body )&number of lymphocytes.