Download Renewable Energy and Marine Spatial Planning: Scientific and

The Regulation of Continental Shelf Development
Rethinking international standards, Halifax, Canada, 20-22 June 2012
Renewable Energy and Marine Spatial Planning:
Scientific and Legal Implications
Andreas Kannen & Hartwig Kremer
Halifax, 21.06.2012
The Regulation of Continental Shelf Development
Rethinking international standards, Halifax, Canada, 20-22 June 2012
Renewable Energy and Marine Spatial Planning:
Scientific and Legal Implications
Coasts and Shelves – Earth’s major live support system
Global imperatives and change
Shelves as opportunities for adaptation (contested views and priorities)
Offshore wind and Marine Spatial Planning
Challenges for transdisciplinary research
Conclusions
Population
Consumption
Trade
Climate
Sea level rise
Tectonic
quantitative
Rivercatchment
qualitative
Target
Descriptions
Material
fluxes
biogeochemial
fluxes,
“Eco-functions”
Schelf
Politics &
Institutional
Reaction
Sozioeconomic
Implications
changed Geomorphology
River-Coast-Shelf „Watercontinuum“ –
biogeochemical Cycles, Productivity &
Biodiversity, 90% Fishery,
Ecosyst. services: ~$17.5 trillion, (Global ES
~$33.3 trillion)
Response to global imperatives:
EU targets and outlook
The EU climate and energy package has three main goals for 2020:
• Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 20 %;
• improving energy efficiency by 20%; and
• generating 20 % of energy consumption from renewable energy
•Offshore wind energy capacity is projected to increase 17-fold
2010 and 2020, while wave/tidal power will increase over 11-fold
Response to global imperatives:
EU targets and outlook
Technology
Installed capacity
2010 (NREAP
projections (GW)
Aggregated
projection for 2020
(GW)
% change
Onshore wind
82.2
168.8
104
Offshore wind
2.6
44.2
1 600
Tidal, wave and
ocean energy
0.2
2.3
1 050
Hydroelectric
(excl. pumped
storage)
122.4
139.7
14
Solar photovoltaic 25.5
54.4
231
Geothermal
0.8
1.6
100
Concentrated
solar power
0.6
7.0
1 066
Biomass electr.
22.6
43.6
93
Installed capacity
of offshore wind
farms in Northern
Europe to 2030,
OffshoreGrid
scenarios (2011)
In other words our traditional image of the oceans
will see new developments to get used to
Beach with tourists
Nature
Port
Which picture do you
see if you talk about
Birds
the ocean and the
coast? Fishing Boats
Dyke
Perceptions and potential spatial configurations
What do you see?
Less CO2?
Nature
destruction?
Bright
Future?
Spoilt
view?
Less
Tourists?
Colliding
ships?
Killed
Birds?
Money?
© Siemens Pressebild
Jobs?
And what do you feel?
Just awful!
A miracle of
technology
Disaster!
The end
of the
world!
A future
for my
kids
Great!
© Siemens Pressebild
Not nice, but
necessary
Nice!
The driver for MSP in Germany
Offshore Wind Energy as a renewable energy source is a
national and regional strategy
2004
2006
Renewed
EEG
2008 2010
Expansion
Offshore:
3000MW
Starting Phase
500 MW
National German targets as an example
2020
2030
Continuing Expansion Offshore:
20.000-25.000 MW
National and transnational MSP implications
Transformation of shelves - dynamics of change
Government
Scenario 2030
(Coastal Futures)
Situation without
Planned and
offshore wind farms
approved
(Source: BSH)
offshore wind
farms in spring
2010
(Source: BSH)
Geplanter Ausbau bis 2030
nach Vorgaben der Bundesregierung
Gesamtleistung 25.564 MW
(Quelle: Burkhard 2008)
Spatial Plans for sea areas
The tradional
spatial (land)
planning
solution:
Zoning
Spatial Plan
for the German
North Sea EEZ
(Source: BSH, Federal
Hydrographic and
Maritime Agency)
Policies and scales
Non-EU context
 UNCLOS (EEZ, SeeAnl.Verordnung BSH)
 Environmental Conventions and Agreements (e.g. CBD)
 IMO Regulations
 Regional Seas Conventions (OSPAR, HELCOM, Barcelona, etc.)
EU context
 EU Integrated Maritime Policy (Blue Book)
 Maritime Strategy Framework Directive
 Common Fisheries & Agricultural Policies
 Other environmental directives (Birds and Flora-Fauna Habitat =
Natura 2000 areas, Water Framework Directive,…)
 Sectoral strategies and policies (Climate Change, Energy,
Environment*, Cohesion, )
 *EAP 7 to start in 2014 and to map onto EU 2020
Policies and scales
National context
 Licensing procedures for activities in EEZ (national - SeeAnl.VO))
and territorial waters (Federal States/Laender - Federal Immission
Control Act)
 Spatial Planning (terrestrial and in the sea), in EEZ (national BSH),
in territorial waters and on land = Federal States/Laender
 Nature Conservation in EEZ (national), in territorial waters and on
land = (Federal States/Laender)
 Sectoral policies for sand/gravel extraction, ports/shipping, local
fisheries, environment, regional development, renewable energies at
different administrative levels
MSP enables to look at
Coasts and Sea as Social-Ecological Systems …
Marine
MarineResource
ResourceUse
Use
Marine
MarineArea
AreaUse
Use
Environmental
policy & laws
Ecological system
Integrity
functions
Risk
structures
Energy/Climate/Resource
usage
policy & laws
Societal system
Norms & Values
Social welfare Economic welfare
Provision of Ecosystem Goods & Services
Source: Kannen & Burkhard 2009
MSP – challenged to bridge competing knowledge
and use claims; passing trad. boundaries
Leadership, Politics
and Policies
How to
agree on
priorities
and
decisions?
Planning
Source: WWF 2010
Elements of power within MSP processes
(dynamic actors analysis)
Information power
Legal security
Financial power
Investor
WWF
Distribution of
Power in a
negotiation
situation
Coastal/Marine
Interest-groups
Planning-group
and Science
Administration/
Public Authority
Communication and
negotiation power
Social relations
Expertise power
Adapted from: Busch 2009
This doesn‘t happen in isolation - Scales
Global, European,
national, regional and
local context
global political
commitments
Globalisation
Planning and Management
need to be performed
across scales
regional
integration and
cohesion
global
Climate Change
Map drafted by: Burkhard 2005
Upscaling the MSP Process: National – Transnational Processes
Graphics: Gee, Kannen 2011
Building the European offshore grid;
a call for transnational MSP
The Queen’s Speech (9 May): “My government will
propose reform of the electricity market to deliver
secure, clean and affordable electricity and ensure
prices are fair”- the UK Energy Bill – unlikely to be
developed completely outside the EU context
Benefits
(http://www.solarpowerportal.co.uk/news/queens_speech_includes_electricity_mark
et_reform_bill_2356)
• Predictable energy output / energy security
• Building a single EU electricity market benefits consumers
• Connections to more than one country
• Power trading between countries
• Viable alternative to onshore grid construction
• Connection to other marine renewable energy sources
• More economical utilisation of grid through shared use
www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/images/graphs_maps_tables/EuOffwind2011.pdf
A coherent pan-European energy policy
Spatial planning implications:
A pan-European energy infrastructure (SuperGrid) to be put into place.
Land- and sea-based grids well integrated.
Cable connections and oil / gas pipelines are bundled in corridors.
Enough space has been set aside to achieve the renewable energy aims.
Co-uses promoted - but locations outside risk areas & sensitive areas.
Source: EWEA 2009
Implementing transnational MSP
Spatial Subsidiarity + appropriate structures and
processes
 Vision as informing tool for national MSP activities and
sectoral policies (e.g. BaltSeaPlan 2030);
 MSP understood as a cooperative practice; agreed
principles and topics support cooperation;
 Transnational approach to transnational issues;
 Spatial challenges dealt with at lowest most
appropriate spatial level;
 Involves several spatial & administrative levels;
 Formal and informal bodies are in place;
Implications for research
Underlying the new Five Grand Challenges of
Future Earth system and Sustainability science
Improve… forecasts of future environmental conditions and
consequences for people
Encourage innovation (incl.
sound evaluation) in
technological, policy, and social
responses to achieve global
sustainability
Determine institutional, economic
and behavioral changes to
enable effective steps toward
(global) sustainability
Develop…integrate the
observation... to respond to
global/regional environmental
change
Determine how to anticipate,
avoid and manage disruptive
global environmental change
http://www.icsu.org/news-centre/press-releases/2010/scientific-grand-challenges-identified-to-address-global-sustainability
Underlying the new Five Grand Challenges of
Future Earth system and Sustainability science
Forecasting: (energy, markets, sea and shelf state, global,
regional, local scenarios, risks/opportunities)
Innovating: evaluating and
promoting technical,
institutional (legal), social
opportunities of shelf use
concepts incl. trade offs and
risks)
Values and social choice
Responding: a collective vision
for the co-use of continental
shelves in adaptation to global
drivers and pressures; e.g. Balt
SeaPlan 2030)
Observing: cumulative effects
of multiple sea uses incl.
biodiversity as well as value
systems and world views – i.e.
governance baselines)
Process and interactions
Confining: assessment of wind farm
and cumulative effects as large
scale experiments to determine
impact, boundaries, thresholds –
socio-ecological risks)
Explore cumulative effects of multiple competing
uses and implications in a SES perspective
Provide fundamental research and
research for action as appropriate
Modelling of wake effects is an important field of basic research.
How to bridge energy production and demand- Offshore Grid projection
(Hub Based), technical, economic and legal implications
Photo: Aeolus
OFFShoreGRID zones in the European GRid Model for the
hub base case 2030, from OffshoreGrid Final Rep. 2011
Conclusions
 continental shelves mirror the acceleration of human resource use globally
 they are also often subject to most rapid global environmental change
 shelf seas provide the majority of global ecosystem goods and services and
reflect multiple transition efforts to adapt to global and climate change, e.g.:
regional and global energy policy and technology
mitigation of carbon emissions (CCS, renewable energy, food…)
alternative options of coastal protection (building with nature)
 Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) can be central in new forms of governance
if developed in a participatory way ideally relying on a collective future vision
 Scientific assessment and process studies need to apply a socio ecological
system view to account for cumulative effects, scales and feedbacks
 research may support the step from simple zoning to dynamic multi and co
– use concepts on the continental shelves
 research co-design, transparent knowledge, transfer and dialogue are key