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Open your notebook to Assignment 1+4 for stamp. Day 3 Week: Origins of Democracy What will we learn today? Standard 10.1.2 The development of Western ideas from Greece and Rome. Who is your favorite teacher (past or present)? What did they do that was so special? 1 Grades Based on Syllabi Notebooks Textbooks Autobiography Where are papers/schedule? Unit 1: Origins of Democracy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Study Guide #1 Study Guide #2 P1A Legacy of Greece and Rome Forms of Greek/Roman Gov P1B Greek Philosophers Use Reason Three Great Greek Philosophers Analyze ancient Greece philosophers Identify their different ideas about who should rule What ideas did Greek philosophers have regarding rulers? Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were three of the greatest philosophers who ever lived. They each had different ideas regarding government, including who should rule and how their power should be limited. • What were the two ancient civilizations that influenced American Government? • Explain “government” in your own words. • Of the four types of governments, which would be the worst to live under? • Of the four types of government, which is most like America? • Tell me three ways that Athen’s government was similar to America’s? • 1. • 2. • 3. Philosopher = “Lovers of wisdom” Philo = Lover + Soph = wisdom Sophomore = “Wise Fool” Soph= wisdom + Moron = fool •Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, justice, beauty, validity, mind, and language • • • • • • • • What is the meaning of life? Is there a life after death? Why is the sky blue? What is beauty? What is truth? What is love? Are we born evil, or born good? How do you know you’re not dreaming? SHOULD WE KILL HEALTHY PEOPLE FOR THEIR ORGANS? Suppose Bill is a healthy man without family or loved ones. Would it be ok painlessly to kill him if his organs would save five people, one of whom needs a heart, another a kidney, and so on? If not, why not? Consider another case: you and six others are kidnapped, and the kidnapper somehow persuades you that if you shoot dead one of the other hostages, he will set the remaining five free, whereas if you do not, he will shoot all six. (Either way, he'll release you.) If in this case you should kill one to save five, why not in the previous, organs case? If in this case too you have qualms, consider yet another: you're in the cab of a runaway tram and see five people tied to the track ahead. You have the option of sending the tram on to the track forking off to the left, on which only one person is tied. Surely you should send the tram left, killing one to save five. But then why not kill Bill? 4th Century BC- used Logic and Reason to investigate the nature of the universe, human society, and morality. Based of 2 assumptions: The universe (land, sky, and sea) is put together in a orderly way and is subject to absolute and unchanging laws People can understand these laws through logic and reason Three major philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle lived in Athens in the 400s and 300s BC laying the foundation for philosophy for years to come. •They believed that individual achievement, dignity, and worth are of great importance. How do you know the ocean is blue? • 469 - 399 B.C • Questioned everything, even the closest held beliefs. • Encouraged students to think • Left no writings • Developed “Socratic Method,” a series of questions and answer discussions •Socrates never wrote anything. All of his ideas were written down by his student, Plato. •Known as one of the wisest men of all time. •It’s rumored that Plato had an affair with Socrates’ wife •He was charged with lack of piety and corruption of the city's youth. He was found guilty and sentenced to death. He died in 399 BCE after drinking hemlock poison. Plato • • • • 428-348 BC Plato- Student of Socrates. Documented Socrates work Most famous dialog is the Republic – Developed the idea of Philosopher Kings- In a perfectly governed society the rulers were not the wealthiest, but the wisest whom he called Philosopher Kings. • Trained as a mathematician • “Those things which are beautiful are also difficult.” Plato • VOLUNTARY EXILE. Plato left his native city immediately following the execution of Socrates. • In Syracuse he was sold into slavery. Plato raised three thousand drachmas through his friends to buy back his freedom. He returned to Athens in 387 B.C. • THE ACADEMY. In 386 B.C. Plato purchased a recreation grove dedicated to the god Academus. This became the location of his school. The Allegory Cave What is Plato trying to say here? 384-322 BC Student of Plato Examined the nature of the world and human belief, thought, and knowledge. Politics: Believed that government’s actions are also subjected to the same laws. First theorist of democracy (Plato hated democracy) He who trusts any man with supreme power gives it to a wild beast, for such his appetite sometimes makes him; passion influences those in power, even the best of men, but law is reason without desire. -Aristotle What is Aristotle saying? Aristotle was always concerned about rulers become tyrants, or selfish and uncaring. A tyrant: • Shares power with no one • Cares only about themselves • Takes power illegally • Suggested that a baby's sex is determined by the wind's direction at the time of its birth. • When shown a fish fossil - he said that a great many fish live inside the earth motionless • Earthquakes occurred when air crowded into the ground, was heated by central fires & escaped explosively, like belching. Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome Greece set lasting standards in government and philosophy Developed direct democracy in order for their citizens to actively participate in political decisions First to develop 3 branches of government Legislative- pass laws Executive- carry out laws Judicial- settle disputes about the laws Athenian vs United States Democracy •Citizen= 18 year old male, parents are citizens •Direct Democracy •Juries vary in size •No attorneys, no appeals, one day trials •Citizen= born in US or completed citizen process •Representative •Citizens vote Democracy (Republic) •3 branches •Juries composed of of gov’t 12 jurors •Defendants and plaintiffs have attorneys, long appeals process Homework: Finish Assn #6 Three Great Greek Philosophers Study Guide P1B 10 minutes Three Great Greek Philosophers