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Exploring the Brain Specific Proteome Which proteins are expressed in the brain? We take a closer look at the human brain specific proteome. We explore the Human Protein Atlas's analysis of the brain specific transcriptome, and present selected antibodies against proteins specifically expressed in the brain. All antibodies are presented on the Human Protein Atlas and available in our catalog as Triple A Polyclonals. To learn more read the full summary on the human brain proteome knowledge page on the Human Protein Atlas portal. Two thirds of all human proteins are expressed in the brain 67% of all human genes, over 13,000 genes, are expressed in the brain. The number is based on the Human Protein Atlas analysis of RNA-Seq data for approximately 20,000 human proteins. 381 brain specific genes Of all the genes expressed in brain, more than 1,200 genes show various degrees of elevated expression in brain as compared to other tissues. The brain has the second highest number of enriched and elevated genes in the organs studied, following testis which has the highest number. 381 genes were found to be brain specific (enriched), expressed at least five times more in brain as compared to other tissues. Most of these genes code for proteins involved in signaling or transport. The SLC1A2 gene is tissue enriched in brain, with at least 5 times higher RNA expression in brain compared to other tissues. This is illustrated here with IHC staining in seven different tissues using the Anti-SLC1A2 antibody (HPA009172). No staining is seen in cervix (A), colon (B), liver (C), lung (D), lymph node (E) or testis (F) tissues, whereas the Anti-SLC1A2 antibody shows strong positivity in brain (G). Proteins specifically expressed in different cell types of the brain Among the brain-enriched genes, many correspond to proteins expressed in a specific cell type. Below we highlight a few examples of IHC stainings from antibodies directed against cell type-specific proteins. The Anti-NRGN antibody (HPA038171) detects neurogranin which is strongly expressed in all pyramidal neurons, here shown in human cerebral cortex tissue. The Anti-REEP2 antibody (HPA031813) detects receptor expression-enhancing protein 2, expressed in a subset of pyramidal neurons in cerebral cortex. GAD1 (Glutamate decarboxylase 1) is detected using the Anti-GAD1 (HPA058412) antibody. GAD1 is known to be expressed in the majority of cortical GABAergic interneurons. GFAP (Glial fibrillary acidic protein) is a well-known astrocyte marker, here detected using the AntiGFAP antibody (HPA056030) in IHC in cerebral cortex tissue. MBP (Myelin basic protein) is expressed in oligodendrocytes using the Anti-MBP antibody (HPA049222) in IHC in cerebral cortex tissue. The Anti-P2RY12 antibody (HPA014518) detects the P2Y purinoceptor 12 in microglia in cerebral cortex. CADM2 (Cell adhesion molecule 2) is strongly expressed in neuropil and peripheral nerve fibers. The neuropil staining is illustrated using the Anti-CADM2 antibody (HPA010024) in cerebral cortex tissue. CADM2 peripheral nerve fiber expression can be seen in staining of colon tissue using the AntiCADM2 antibody (HPA010024). Purkinje cells in cerebellum tissue can be detected using the Anti-CHD5 antibody (HPA055477) directed against the Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 5 protein. Glioma Glioma is a tumor that arises from glial cells. Gliomas make up 80% of all malignant brain tumors. In the Cancer Atlas on the Human Protein Atlas, all antibodies have been stained in 12 different glioma samples, as well as in samples from 19 other common cancers. OLIG2 is a transcription factor expressed in glioma and is a useful positive diagnostic marker of brain tumors. On the OLIG2 entry on the Cancer Atlas, stainings of glioma samples using the AntiOLIG2 antibody can be viewed. The Anti-OLIG2 antibody (HPA003254) shows strong nuclear positivity in tumor cells in glioma (left) and weak nuclear positivity in glial cells in normal cerebral cortex tissue (right). The Atlas of the Mouse Brain Antibodies against brain specific proteins can also be explored in the Atlas of the Mouse Brain. The Atlas of the Mouse Brain is part of the Human Protein Altas, presenting highresolution fluorescence images of protein distribution on a cellular and subcellular level in the mouse brain. By IHC-IF using the Anti-NECAB1 antibody (HPA023629), subsets of neurons shows distinct positivity in cell bodies and dendrites. Main location of the positive neurons are layer 4 of the cerebral cortex. IF staining of mouse dorsal tenia tecta using the Anti-MBP antibody (HPA049222) shows positivity in neuronal processes. IF staining of mouse piriform cortex using the Anti-GFAP antibody (HPA056030) shows immunoreactivity in a subset of astrocytes. Shared expression between brain, testis and adrenal gland Group enriched genes show elevated expression in a group of 2-7 tissues. Most groupenriched genes in brain share expression with with testis and adrenal gland. The AQP4 gene shows group-enriched expression for brain and lung, illustrated below using the Anti-AQP4 antibody. IHC staining of brain (A), tonsil (B), vagina (C) and lung (D) with Anti-AQP4 antibody (HPA014784) showing positivity in brain and lung. Selected Brain Specific Antibodies We have compiled a list of a selected number of antibodies against brain specific proteins. Explore the links to the Human Protein Atlas in the table below, and see the tissue expression for the respective proteins in various tissues illustrated with RNA FPKM values as well as staining intensity values. The links in the "Antibody" column takes you to the respective product pages in our online store. Antibody Protein Anti-GABRA1 (HPA055746) Anti-SNAP25 (HPA001830) Anti-SLC17A7 (HPA063679) Anti-CHD5 (HPA055477) Anti-CREG2 (HPA038224) Anti-GABBR2 (HPA013820) Anti-NRGN (HPA038171) Anti-NECAB1 (AMAb90798) Anti-CLEC2L (HPA045050) Anti-GAD1 (HPA058412) Anti-RAB3A (HPA003160) Anti-CADM2 (HPA010024) Anti-OMG (HPA012693) Anti-PLP1 (HPA004128) Anti-MBP (HPA049222) Anti-GFAP (HPA056030) Anti-OLIG2 (HPA003254) Anti-REEP2 (HPA031813) Anti-P2RY12 (HPA014518) Anti-RPH3A (HPA002475) Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 Chromodomain-helicaseDNA-binding protein 5 Tissue expression on the Human Protein Atlas GABRA1 tissue expression SNAP25 tissue expression SLC17A7 tissue expression CHD5 tissue expression Protein CREG2 CREG2 tissue expression Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 GABBR2 tissue expression Neurogranin NRGN tissue expression N-terminal EF-hand calciumbinding protein 1 C-type lectin domain family 2 member L NECAB1 tissue expression CLEC2L tissue expression Glutamate decarboxylase 1 GAD1 tissue expression Ras-related protein Rab-3A Cell adhesion molecule 2 RAB3A tissue expression CADM2 tissue expression Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein OMG tissue expression Myelin proteolipid protein PLP1 tissue expression Myelin basic protein MBP tissue expression Glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP tissue expression Oligodendrocyte transcription OLIG2 tissue expression factor 2 Receptor expressionREEP2 tissue expression enhancing protein 2 P2RY12 tissue P2Y purinoceptor 12 expression Rabphilin-3A RPH3A tissue expression Learn about brain histology in the Tissue Dictionary Explore the function and histology of the brain in the Human Protein Atlas Tissue Dictionary: Cerebral cortex entry in the Tissue Dictionary Learn more The Human Protein Atlas knowledge page of the human brain proteome Pour commander